Abstract
Object:
To prepare a national guideline for Otorhinolaryngologist who treat allergic rhinitis patients.
Methods:
The study was conducted by three authors, namely the writing support team. The support team made the study plan, determined the writing instructions, chose the subgroups including the advisory committee, the advisors for authors and the authors. A workshop was organized at the very beginning to explain the details of the study to the team. Advisors took the chance to meet their coworkers in their subgroups and determined the main headings and subheadings of the guideline, together with the authors. After key words were determined by the authors, literature search was done in various databases. The authors keep in touch with the advisors and the advisors with the advisory committee and the support group at every stage of the study. National and International published articles as well as the abstracts of unpublished studies, imperatively presented in National Congresses, were included in this guideline. Only Guideline and meta-analyses published in last seven years (2013-2017) and randomized controlled studies published in last two years (2015-2017) were included. After all work was completed by the subgroups, support team brought all work together and edited the article.
Results:
A detailed guideline about all aspects of allergic rhinitis was created.
Conclusion:
The authors believe that this guideline will enable a compact and up-to-date information on allergic rhinitis to healthcare professionals. This guideline is the first in the field of Otolaryngology in Turkey. It should be updated at regular intervals.
Keywords: Allergic rhinitis, guideline, rhinitis
References
Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108 (5 Suppl): S147- S334.
Pawankar R, Hayashi M, Yamanishi S, Igarashi T. The paradigm of cytokine networks in allergic airway inflammation. Curr Opin AllergyClin Immunol 2015; 15: 41-48.
Baroody FM, Naclerio RM. Allergy and Immunology of the Upper Airway. In. Valerie J. Lund, Editor 6th edition Cummings Otolaryngology. Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier; 2015.p. 593-625.
Akdis M. The cellular orchestra in skin allergy; are differences to lung and nose relevant? Curr Opin AllergyClin Immunol 2010; 10: 443-451.
Akdis CA, Akdis M. Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy. J AllergyClin Immunol 2011; 127: 18-27.
Akdis M, Blaser K, Akdis CA. T regulatory cells in allergy: novel concepts in the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116: 961-8.
Chatila TA, Blaeser F, Ho N, Lederman HM, Voulgaropoulos C, Helms C, et al. Encoding a fork head-related protein, is mutated in X-linkedautoimmunity-allergic disregulation syndrome. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: R75-81.
Anderson AE, Mackerness KJ, Aizen M, Carr VA, Nguyen D, Du Pre F, et al. Seasonal changes in suppressive capacity of CD4+ CD25+ T cells from patients with hay fever are allergen-specific and may result in part from expansion of effector T cells among the CD25+ population. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39: 1693-9.
Han D, Wang C, Lou W, Gu Y, Wang Y, Zhang L. Allergen-specific IL-10-secretingtype I T regulatory cells, but not CD4 (+) CD25 (+) Foxp3 (+) T cells, are decreased in peripheral blood of patients with persistent allergic rhinitis. Clin Immunol 2010; 136: 292-301.
De Smet K, Contreras R. Human antimicrobial peptides: defensins, cathelicidins and histatins. Biotechnol Lett 2005 ; 27: 1337-47.
Siracusa MC, Kim BS, Spergel JM, Artis D. Basophils and allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132: 789-801.
Falcone FH, Knol EF, Gibbs BF. The role of basophils in the pathogenesis of allergic disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41: 939-47.
Doherty TA. At the Bench: Understanding group 2 innate lymphoid cells in disease. J LeukocBiol 2014; 97: 455-67.
Mesdaghi M, Vodjgani M, Salehi E, Hadjati J, Sarrafnejad A, BidadK, et al. Natural killer cells in allergic rhinitis patients and non atopic controls. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2010; 153: 234-8.
Bentley AM, Jacobson MR, Cumberworth V, Barkans JR, MoqbelR, Schwartz LB, et al. Immunohistology of the nasal mucosa in seasonal allergic rhinitis: increases inactivated eosinophils and epithelial mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 89: 877-83.
Merad M, Sathe P, Helft J, Miller J, Mortha A. The dendritic cell lineage: ontogeny and function of dendritic cells and their subsets in the steady state and the inflamed setting. Annu Rev Immunol 2013; 31: 563-604.
Reinartz SM, van Tongeren J, van Egmond D, de Groot EJJ, Fokkens WJ, van Drunen CM. Dendritic cells in nasal mucosa of subjects with different allergic sensitizations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:887-90.
Blander JM, Medzhitov R. Toll-dependent selection of microbial antigens for presentation by dendritic cells. Nature 2006; 440: 808-12.
Akdis CA, Akdis M. Mechanisms of immune tolerance to allergens: role of IL-10 and Tregs. J Clin Invest 2014; 124: 4678-80.
Salib RJ, Kumar S, Wilson SJ, Howarth PH. Nasal mucosal immunoexpression of the mast cell chemoattractants TGF-beta, eotaxin and stem cell factor and their receptors in allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114: 799-806.
Cazzoletti L, Ferrari M, Olivieri M, Verlato G, Antonicelli L, Bono R, et al. The gender, age and risk factor distribution differs in self-reported allergic andnon-allergic rhinitis: a cross-sectional population-based study. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2015; 4; 11-36.
Akdis M, Burgler S, Crameri R, Eiwegger T, Fujita H, Gomez E et al. Interleukins, from 1 to 37, and interferon- gamma: receptors, functions and roles in diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127: 701-21.
Rondón C, Campo P, Togias A, Fokkens WJ, Durham SR, Powe DG, et al. Local allergic rhinitis: concept, pathophysiology, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129: 1460-7.
Simon HU, Yousefi S, Schranz C, Schapowal A, Bachert C, Blaser K. Direct demonstration of delayed eosinophil apoptosis as a mechanism causing tissue eosinophilia. J Immunol 1997;158:3902-8.
Shahab R, Phillips DE, Jones AS. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and perennial rhinitis. J Laryngol Otol 2004; 118: 500-7.
Kojima T, Go M, Takano K, Kurose M, Ohkuni T, Koizumi J, et al. Regulation of tight junctions in upper airway epithelium. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013: 947072.
Aryan Z, Rezaei N, Camargo CA Jr. Vitamin D status, aeroallergen sensitization, and allergic rhinitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36: 41-53.
Baraniuk JN. Rise of the sensors: nociception and pruritus. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2012; 12: 104-14.
Gerth van Wijk RG, de Graaf-in ‘t Veld C, Garrelds IM. Nasal hyperreactivity. Rhinology 1999; 37: 50-5.
Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA, et al. Joint Task Force on Practice; American Academy of Allergy; Asthma & Immunology; American College of Allergy; Asthma and Immunology; Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122 (2 Suppl): S1-84.
Tatar EC. Alerjik rinit: Tanım ve sınıflandırma. Turkiye Klinikleri E.N.T-special topics 2015; 8: 1-3.
Rondón C, Doña I, López S, Campo P, Romero JJ, Torres MJ, et al. Seasonal idiopathic rhinitis with local inflammatory response and specific IgE in absence of systemic response. Allergy 2008; 63: 1352-8.
Rondón C, Romero JJ, López S, Antúnez C, Martín-Casañez E, Torres MJ, et al. Local IgE production and positive nasal provocation test in patients with persistent nonallergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119: 899-905.
Wedbäck A, Enbom H, Eriksson NE, Movérare R, Malcus I. Seasonal non-allergic rhinitis (SNAR) a new disease entity? A clinical and immunological comparison between SNAR, seasonal allergic rhinitis and persistent non-allergic rhinitis. Rhinology 2005; 43: 86-92.
Rondón C, Fernández J, López S, Campo P, Doña I, Torres MJ, et al. Nasal inflammatory mediators and specific IgE production after nasal challenge with grass pollen in local allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124: 1005-11.e1.
Rondón C, Campo P, Herrera R, Blanca-Lopez N, Melendez L, Canto G, et al. Nasal allergen provocation test with multiple aeroallergens detects polysensitization in local allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011 ; 128: 1192-7.
Schappert SM, Rechtsteiner EA. Ambulatory medical care utilization estimates for 2006. Natl Health Stat Report 2008; 6: 1-29.
Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA²LEN and AllerGen). Allergy 2008; 63: 86: 8-160.
Mims JW. Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2014; 4 Suppl 2: S18-20.
Salo PM, Calatroni A, Gergen PJ, Hoppin JA, Sever ML, Jaramillo R, et al. Allergy related outcomes in relation to serum IgE: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127: 1226-35.
Cingi C, Topuz B, Songu M, Kara CO, Ural A, Yaz A, et al. Prevalence of allergic rhinitis among the adult population in Turkey. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 2010; 130: 600-6.
Aktaş A, Rahman S, Elbi H, Özyurt BC. Üniversite öğrencilerinde alerjik rinit sıklığı ve ilişkili faktörler. CBU-SBED 2015; 2: 36-40.
Çobanoğlu HB, Işık AÜ, Topbaş M, Ural A. Prevalence of allergic rhinitis in children in the Trabzon province of the black sea region of Turkey. Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 54: 21-8.
Kaiser R, Schindler C, Kunzli N, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Heeb D, Medici TC, et al. Use of transition probabilities to estimate the effect of smoking on the duration of episodes of respiratory symptoms in diary data: the Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA). Am J Epidemiol 1998; 148: 600-8.
Okubo K, Kurono Y, Ichimura K, Enomoto T, Okamoto Y, Kawauchi H, et al. Japanese Society of Allergology. Japanese Guideline for allergic rhinitis 2017. Allergol Int 2017; 66 : 205-19.
Goronfolah L. Aeroallergens, atopy and allergic rhinitis in the Middle East. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 48: 5-21.
Kim DH, Park YS, Jang HJ, Kim JH, Lim DH. Prevalence and allergen of allergic rhinitis in Korean children. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2016; 30: 72-8.
Duksal F, Akcay A, Becerir T, Ergin A, Becerir C, Guler N. Rising trend of allergic rhinitis prevalence among Turkish schoolchildren. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77: 1434-9.
Tamay Z, Akcay A, Ergin A, Güler N. Dietary habits and prevalence of allergic rhinitis in 6 to 7-year-old schoolchildren in Turkey. Allergol Int 2014; 63: 553-62.
Talay F, Kurt B, Tug T, Kurt OK, Goksugur N, Yasar Z. The prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases among adults 30-49 years of age in Bolu, Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. Clin Ter 2014; 165: e59-63.
Tamay Z, Akçay A, Ergin A, Güler N. Prevalence of allergic rhinitis and risk factors in 6 to 7 yearold children in İstanbul, Turkey. Turk J Pediatr 2014; 56: 31-40.
Yoo B, Park Y, Park K, Kim H. A 9-year Trend in the Prevalence of Allergic Disease Based on National Health Insurance Data. J Prev Med Public Health 2015; 48: 301-9.
Pinart M, Keller T, Reich A, Fröhlich M, Cabieses B, Hohmann C, et al. Sex-Related Allergic Rhinitis Prevalence Switch from Childhood to Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2017; 172: 224-35.
Zheng M, Wang X, Bo M, Wang K, Zhao Y, He F, et al. Prevalence of allergic rhinitis among adults in urban and rural areas of china: a population-based cross-sectional survey. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2015; 7: 148-57.
Song WJ, Sohn KH, Kang MG, Park HK, Kim MY, Kim SH, et al. Urban-rural differences in the prevalence of allergen sensitization and self-reported rhinitis in the elderly population. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 114: 455-61.
Krzych-Fałta E, Furmańczyk K, Piekarska B, Tomaszewska A, Sybilski A, Samoliński BK. Allergies in urban versus countryside settings in Poland as part of the Epidemiology of the Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) study - challengethe early differential diagnosis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2016; 33: 359-68.
Wronka I, Kliś K, Jarzebak K. Association of Allergic Rhinitis in Female University Students with Socio-economic Factors and Markers of Estrogens Levels. Adv Exp Med Biol 2016; 884: 53-9.
Jung CG, Lee JH, Ban GY, Park HS, Shin YS. Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Local Allergic Rhinitis to House Dust Mites. Yonsei Med J 2017; 58:1047-50.
Peters RL, Koplin JJ, Gurrin LC, Dharmage SC, Wake M, Ponsonby AL, et al. HealthNuts Study. The prevalence of food allergy and other allergic diseases in early childhood in a population-based study: HealthNuts age 4-year follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140: 145-53.e8.
Stratakis N, Roumeliotaki T, Oken E, Ballester F, Barros H, Basterrechea M, et al. Fish and seafood consumption during pregnancy and the risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis in childhood: a pooled analysis of 18 Europeanand US birth cohorts. Int J Epidemiol 2017; 46: 1465-77.
Pontes MV, Ribeiro TC, Ribeiro H, de Mattos AP, Almeida IR, Leal VM, et al. Cow’s milk-based beverage consumption in 1- to 4-year-olds and allergic manifestations: an RCT. Nutr J 2016; 15: 19.
Kim SY, Sim S, Park B, Kim JH, Choi HG. High-fat and low-carbohydrate diets are associated with allergic rhinitis but not asthma or atopic dermatitis in children. PLoS One. 2016; 11: e0150202.
Park DY, Kim YS, Kim JH, Kang JW. Association of body mass index and other factors with histamine skin reactivity in adults with allergic nasal symptoms. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 29: e160-3.
Waidyatillake NT, Stoney R, Thien F, Lodge CJ, Simpson JA, Allen KJ, et al. Breast milk polyunsaturated fatty acids: associations with adolescent allergic disease and lung function. Allergy 2017; 72: 1193-201.
Kim J, Han Y, Seo SC, Lee JY, Choi J, Kim KH, et al. Association of carbon monoxide levels with allergic diseases in children. Allergy Asthma Proc 2016; 37: e1-7.
Eriksson J, Ekerljung L, Sundblad BM, Lötvall J, Torén K, Rönmark E, et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with high prevalence of chronic rhinitis and low prevalence of allergic rhinitis in men. Allergy 2013; 68: 347-54.
Fazlollahi MR, Souzanch G, Nourizadeh M, Sabetkish N, Tazesh B, Entezari A, et al. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis and it’s relationship with second-hand tobacco smoke among adults in Iran. Acta Med Iran 2017; 55: 712-7.
Lombardi C, Passalacqua G; Italian Vitamin D Allergy Group. Vitamin D levels and allergic diseases. An italian cross- sectional multicenter survey. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 49: 75-9.
Bousquet PJ, Combescure C, Neukirch F, Klossek JM, Méchin H, Daures JP, Bousquet Visual analog scales can assess the severity of rhinitis graded according to ARIA Guideline. J Allergy 2007; 62: 367-72.
Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C, Canonica GW, Demoly P, Durham SR, et al; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI); Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA). Requirements for medications commonly used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact onAsthma (ARIA). Allergy 2003; 58: 192-7.
Numminen J, Ahtinen M, Huhtala H, Rautiainen M. Comparison of rhinometricmeasurements methods in intranasal pathology. Rhinology 2003; 41: 65-8.
Horst M, Hejjaoui A, Horst V, Michel FB, Bousquet J. Double-blind, placebo-controlled rush immunotherapy with a standardized Alternaria extract. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85: 460-72.
Güvenç IA, Ecevit MC. Kronik Rinit ve Rinosinüzitte Subjektif Değerlendirme Yöntemleri: Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçekleri. Turkish J Rhinology 2016; 5: 38-52.
Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36).I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992; 30: 473-83.
Bousquet J, Bullinger M, Fayol C, Marquis P, Valentin B, Burtin B. Assessment of quality of life in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis with the French version of the SF-36 Health Status Questionnaire. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 94(2 Pt 1): 182-8.
Dutt SN, McDermott AL, Jelbert A, Reid AP, Proops DW. The Glasgow benefit inventory in the evaluation of patient satisfaction with the bone-anchored hearing aid: quality of life issues. J Laryngol Otol Suppl 2002; 28: 7-14.
van Oene CM, van Reij EJ, Sprangers MA, Fokkens WJ. Quality-assessment of disease- specific quality of life questionnaires for rhini- tis and rhinosinusitis: a systematic review. Allergy 2007; 62: 1359-71.
Juniper EF, Thompson AK, Ferrie PJ, Roberts JN. Validation of the standardized version of the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104(2 Pt 1): 364-9.
Baiardini I, Pasquali M, Giardini A, Specchia C, Passalacqua G, Venturi S, et al. Rhinasthma: a new specific QoL questionnaire for patients with rhinitis and asthma. Allergy 2003; 58: 289-94.
Douglas SA, Marshall AH, Walshaw D, Robson AK, Wilson JA. The development of a General Nasal Patient Inventory. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2001; 26: 425-9.
Stewart MG, Witsell DL, Smith TL, Weaver EM, Yueh B, Hannley MT. Development and validation of the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130: 157-63.
Alobid I, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Mullol J. Chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps: the role of generic and specific questionnaires on assessing its impact on patient’s quality of life. Allergy 2008; 63: 1267-79.
Morley AD, Sharp HR. A review of sinonasal outcome scoring systems - which is best? Clin Otolaryngol 2006; 31: 103-9.
Hancı D , Altun H , Şahin E , Altıntoprak N , Cingi C . Turkish translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the SinoNasal Outcome Test (SNOT)-22. ENT Updates. 2016; 5: 51-57.
Linneberg A, Dam Petersen K, Hahn-Pedersen J, Hammerby E, Serup-Hansen N, Boxall N. Burden of allergic respiratory disease: a systematic review. Clin Mol Allergy. 2016; 14: 12.
Demoly P, Bousquet PJ, Mesbah K, Bousquet J, Devillier P. Visual analogue scale in patients treated for allergic rhinitis: an observational prospective study in primary care: asthma and rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43: 881-888.
Meltzer EO. The prevalence and medical and economic impact of allergic rhinitis in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99: S805-28.
Schatz M, Meltzer EO, Nathan R, Derebery MJ, Mintz M, Stanford RH, et al. Psychometric validation of the rhinitis control assessment test: a brief patient-completed instrument for evaluating rhinitis symptom control. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010; 104: 118-24.
Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL. Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus Guideline. Mayo Clin Proc 2011; 86: 427-43.
Bao Y, Chen J, Cheng L, Guo Y, Hong S, Kong W. Chinese Guideline on allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. Chinese Society of Allergy (CSA) and Chinese Allergic Rhinitis Collaborative Research Group (C2AR2G). J Thorac Dis 2017; 9: 4607-50.
Avinçsal M , Altundağ A , Dizdar D , Dinç M , Ulusoy S , Külekçi M . Assessment of chemosensory disorders in allergic rhinitis. ENT Updates. 2017; 7: 82-6.
Cheng X, Sheng H, Ma R, Gao Z, Han Z, Chi F, Cong N, Wang J, Liu X, Luo X, Yu J, Ra Y. Allergic rhinitis and allergy are risk factors for otitis media with effusion: A meta-analysis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2017; 45: 25-32.
Oğuzülgen İK. Öksürük Varyant Astım. Turk Thorac J 2013; 14: 9-10.
Kar Kurt Ö, Erkoçoğlu M, Kurt M. Pollen food allergy syndrome. Tuberk Toraks 2017; 65: 138-45.
Jaruvongvanich V, Mongkolpathumrat P, Chantaphakul H, Klaewsongkram J. Extranasal symptoms of allergic rhinitis are difficult to treat and affect quality of life. Allergol Int 2016; 65: 199-203.
Seidman MD, Gurgel RK, Lin SY, Schwartz SR, Baroody FM, Bonner JR, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Allergic rhinitis; Guideline Otolaryngology Development Group. AAO-HNSF. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 152(1 Suppl): S1-43.
Segboer CL, Holland CT, Reinartz SM, Terreehorst I, Gevorgyan A, Hellings PW,et al. Nasal hyper-reactivity is a common feature in both allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Allergy 2013; 68: 1427-34.
Köse Ş, Mandıracıoğlu A, Tatar BG, Türken M, Topaloğlu S. The Evaluation Of Allergic Diseases In Occupational Groups. Tepecik Eğit Hast Derg 2012; 22: 147-50
Bilge U, Unluoglu I, Son N, Keskin A, Korkut Y, Unalacak M. Occupational allergic diseases in kitchen and health care workers: an underestimated health issue. Biomed Res Int. 2013; 2013: 285420.
R, McGrath KG. Chapter 6: Nonallergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2012; 33 (Suppl 1): 19-21.
Dharma C, Lefebvre DL, Tran MM, Lou WYW, Subbarao P, Becker AB, et al. Patterns of allergic sensitization and atopic dermatitis from 1 to 3 years: Effects on allergic diseases. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48: 48-59.
An SY, Choi HG, Kim SW, Park B, Lee JS, Jang JH, et al. Analysis of various risk factors predisposing subjects to allergic rhinitis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2015; 33: 143-51.
Rönmark EP, Ekerljung L, Mincheva R, Sjölander S, Hagstad S, Wennergren G, et al. Different risk factor patterns for adult asthma, rhinitis and eczema: results from West Sweden Asthma Study. Clin Transl Allergy 2016; 6: 28.
Tamay Z, Akcay B, Ones U, Guler N, Kilic G, Zencir M. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 71: 463-71.
Saulyte J, Regueira C, Montes-Martinez A, Khudyakov P, Takkouche B. Active or passive exposure to tobacco smoking and allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, and food allergy in adults and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2014; 11: e1001611.
Chiang TY, Yuan TH, Shie RH, Chen CF, Chan CC. Increased incidence of allergic rhinitis, bronchitis and asthma, in children living near a petrochemical complex with SO2 pollution. Environ Int 2016; 96: 1-7.
Chung HY, Hsieh CJ, Tseng CC, Yiin LM. Association between the first occurrence of allergic rhinitis in preschool children and air pollution in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13: 268.
Deng Q, Lu C, Ou C, Chen L, Yuan H. Preconceptional, prenatal and postnatal exposure to outdoor and indoor environmental factors on allergic diseases/symptoms in preschool children. Chemosphere 2016;152: 459-67.
Codispoti CD, LeMasters GK, Levin L, Reponen T, Ryan PH, Biagini Myers JM, et al. Traffic pollution is associated with early childhood aeroallergen sensitization. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 114: 126-33.
Fuertes E, Brauer M, MacIntyre E, Bauer M, Bellander T, von Berg A, et al. Childhood allergic rhinitis, trafficrelated air pollution, and variability in the GSTP1, TNF, TLR2, and TLR4 genes: results from the TAG Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132: 342-52.
Duhme H, Weiland SK, Rudolph P, Wienke A, Kramer A, Keil U. Asthma and allergies among children in West and East Germany: a comparison between Münster and Greifswald using the ISAAC phase I protocol. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Eur Respir J 1998;11: 840-7.
Norbäck D, Lampa E, Engvall K. Asthma, allergy and eczema among adults in multifamily houses in Stockholm (3-HE study)--associations with building characteristics, home environment and energy use for heating. PLoS One 2014; 9: e112960.
Campbell BE, Lodge CJ, Lowe AJ, Burgess JA, Matheson MC, Dharmage SC. Exposure to ‘farming’ and objective markers of atopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45: 744-57
Özdemir Ö, Elmas B. Variable prevalence of allergic rhinitis and risk factors affecting the prevalence. Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg 2016 ; 26: 371-82.
Lodge CJ, Lowe AJ, Gurrin LC, Matheson MC, Balloch A, Axelrad C, et al. Pets at birth do not increase allergic disease in at-risk children. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42: 1377-85.
Schoos AM, Chawes BL, Jelding-Dannemand E, Elfman LB, Bisgaard H. Early indoor aeroallergen exposure is not associated with development of sensitization or allergic rhinitis in high-risk children. Allergy 2016; 71: 684-91.
Lampi J, Canoy D, Jarvis D, Hartikainen AL, Keski-Nisula L, Järvelin MR, et al Farming environment and prevalence of atopy at age 31: prospective birth cohort study in Finland. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41: 987-93.
Alduraywish SA, Lodge CJ, Campbell B, Allen KJ, Erbas B, Lowe AJ, et al. The march from early life food sensitization to allergic disease: a systematic review and meta-analyses of birth cohort studies. Allergy 2016; 71: 77-89.
Li Y, Jiang Y, Li S, Shen X, Liu J, Jiang F. Preand postnatal risk factors in relation to allergic rhinitis in school-aged children in China. PLoS One 2015; 10: 0114022.
Hahm MI, Chae Y, Kwon HJ, Kim J, Ahn K, Kim WK, et al. Do newly built homes affect rhinitis in children? The ISAAC phase III study in Korea. Allergy 2014; 69: 479-87.
Bornehag CG, Sundell J, Hagerhed-Engman L, Sigsggard T, Janson S, Aberg N; DBH Study Group. ‘Dampness’ at home and its association with airway, nose, and skin symptoms among 10,851 preschool )children in Sweden: a cross-sectional study. Indoor Air 2005; 15 Suppl 10: 48-55.
Grabenhenrich LB, Keil T, Reich A, et al. Prediction and prevention of allergic rhinitis: a birth cohort study of 20 years. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136: 932-940.e12.
Ahn JC, Kim JW, Lee CH, Rhee CS. Prevalence and risk factors of chronic rhinosinusitus, allergic rhinitis, and nasal septal deviation: results of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2008-2012. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 142: 162-7.
Lee KS, Rha YH, Oh IH, Choi YS, Choi SH. Socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors related to allergic diseases in Korean adolescents based on the Seventh Korea Youth Risk Behavior Webbased Survey: a cross- sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16: 19.
Penaranda A, Garcia E, Barragan AM, et al. Factors associated with allergic rhinitis in Colombian subpopulations aged 1 to 17 and 18 to 59. Rhinology 2016; 54: 56-67.
Torres-Borrego J, Molina-Terán AB, Montes-Mendoza C. Prevalence and associated factors of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in children. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2008; 36: 90-100.
Amberbir A, Medhin G, Hanlon C, Britton J, Davey G, Venn A. Effects of early life paracetamol use on the incidence of allergic disease and sensitization: 5 year follow-up of an Ethiopian birth cohort. PLoS One 2014; 9: e93869.
Maslova E, Strøm M, Olsen SF, Halldorsson TI. Consumption of artificially-sweetened soft drinks in pregnancy and risk of child asthma and allergic rhinitis. PLoS One 2013; 8: 57261.
Wjst M, Dharmage S, André E, Norback D, Raherison C, Villani S, et al. Latitude, birth date, and allergy. PLoS Med 2005; 2: 294.
Sun HL, Lue KH, Ku MS. Neonatal jaundice is a risk factor for childhood allergic rhinitis: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013; 27: 192-6.
Lodge CJ, Tan DJ, Lau MX, Dai X, Tham R, Lowe AJ, et al. Breastfeeding and asthma and allergies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104: 38-53.
Mimouni Bloch A, Mimouni D, Mimouni M, Gdalevich M. Does breastfeeding protect against allergic rhinitis during nchildhood? A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Acta Paediatr 2002; 91: 275-9.
Thacher JD, Gruzieva O, Pershagen G, Melén E, Lorentzen JC, Kull I, et al. Mold and dampness exposure and allergic outcomes from birth to adolescence: data from the BAMSE cohort. Allergy 2017; 72: 967-74.
Lin Z, Norback D, Wang T, Zhang X, Shi J, Kan H, et al. The first 2-year home environment in relation to the new onset and remission of asthmatic and allergic symptoms in 4246 preschool children. Sci Total Environ 2016; 553: 204-10.
Skylogianni E, Triga M, Douros K, Bolis K, Priftis KN, Fouzas S, et al. Small-airway dysfunction precedes the development of asthma in children with allergic rhinitis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2018; 46: 313-21.
Settipane RA, Schwindt C. Chapter 15: Allergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013 ; 27 Suppl 1: S52-5.
Scadding GK, Scadding GW. Diagnostic allergic rhinitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2016; 36: 249-60.
Mims JW. Allergic rhinitis. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2012; 20: 11-20.
Doty RL, Mıshra A. Olfaction and its alteration by nasal obstruction, rhinitis, and rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2011; 111: 409-23.
Stuck BA, Hummel T. Olfaction in allergic rhinitis: A systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015: 136: 1460-70.
Eren E, Aktaş A, Arslanoğlu S, Kopar A, Ciğer E, Özkul Y, et al. Diagnosis of allergic rhinitis: inter- rater reliability and predictive value of nasal endoscopic examination: a prospective observational study. Clin Otolaryngol 2013; 38: 481-6.
Lakhani N, North M, Ellis AK. Clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis. J Aller Ther 2012; S5: 007.
Blaiss MS. Pediatric allergic rhinitis: physical and mental complications. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2008; 29: 1-6.
Spector SL. Overview of comorbid associations of allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99: 773-80.
Lacagnina V, Leto-Barone MS, La Piana S, Seidita A, Pingitore G, Di Lorenzo G. Analysis of a database to predict the result of allergy testing in vivo in patients with chronic nasal symptoms. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2014;28: 414-8.
van der Zee JS, de Groot H, van Swieten P. Discrepancies between the skin test and IgE antibody assays: study of histamine release, complement activation in vitro, and occurrence of allergen-specific IgG, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 82: 270-9.
Wood RA, Phipatanakul W, Hamilton RG, Eggleston PA. A comparison of skin prick tests, intradermal skin tests, and RASTs in the diagnosis of cat allergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 103: 773-81.
Rive CM, Bourke J, Phillips EJ. Testing for drug hypersensitivity syndromes. Clin Biochem Rev 2013; 34: 15-38.
Erel F, Sarioglu N, Kose M, Kaymakci M, Gokcen M, Kepekci AH, et al. Intradermal Skin Testing in Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma with Negative Skin Prick Tests. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 16: 193-7.
Carter ER, Pulos E, Delaney J, Matheson EJ, Moffitt DR. Allergy history does not predict skin test reactivity in asthmatic children. J Asthma 2010; 37: 685-90.
Kowalski ML, Ansotegui I, Aberer W, Al-Ahmad M, Akdis M, Ballmer-Weber BK, et al. Risk and safety requirements for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in allergology: World Allergy Organization Statement. World Allergy Organ J 2016; 9: 33.
Rao KS, Menon PK, Hilman BC. Duration of the suppressive effect of tricyclic antidepressants on histamine-induced wheal-and-flare reactions in human skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008: 82: 752-7.
Des Roches A, Paradis L, Bougeard YH, Godard P, Bousquet J, Chanez P. Long-term oral corticosteroid therapy does not alter the results of immediate-type allergy skin prick tests. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98: 522-7.
Pipkorn U, Hammarlund A, Enerbäck L. Prolonged treatment with topica glucocorticoids results in an inhibition of the allergen-induced weal-and-flare response and a reduction in skin mast cell numbers and histamine content. Clin Exp Allergy 1989; 19: 19-25.
Spergel JM, Nurse N, Taylor P, ParneixSpake A. Effect of topical pimecrolimus on epicutaneous skin testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114: 695-7.
Skoner DP, Gentile DA, Angelini B, Doyle WJ. Allergy skin test responses during experimental infection with respiratory syncytial virus. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 96: 834-841.
Bernstein DI, Wanner M, Borish L, Liss GM and the Immunotherapy Committee of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Twelve-year survey of fatal reactions to allergen injections and skin testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 113: 1129-36.
Nelson HS, Oppenheimer J, Buchmeier. An assessment of the role of intradermal skin testing in the diagnosis of clinically relevant allergy to timothy grass. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 97: 1193-201.
Schwindt CD, Hutcheson PS, Leu S-Y, Dykewicz MS. Role of intradermal skin tests in the evaluation of clinically relevant respiratory allergy assessed using patient history and nasal challenges. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 94: 627-33.
Indrajana T, Spieksma FT, Voorhorst R. Comparative study of the intracutaneous, scratch and prick tests in allergy. Ann Allergy 1971; 29: 639-50.
Dreborg S (editor). Subcommittee on skin tests of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Skin tests used in type 1 allergy testing- Position paper. Allergy 2009; Supplement 10:1-59.
Golden DB, Kagey-Sobotka A, Norman PS, Hamilton RG, Lichtenstein LM. Insect sting allergy with negative venom skin test responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 897-901.
Rhodius R, Wickens K, Cheng S, Crane J. A comparison of two skin test methodologies and allergens from two different manufacturers. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002; 88: 374-9.
Carr WW, Martin B, DO, Howard RS, Cox L, Borish L. Comparison of test devices for skin prick testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116: 341-6.
Piette V, Bourret E, Bousquet J, Demoly P. Prick tests to aeroallergens: Is it possible simply to wipe the device between tests? Allergy 2002; 57: 940-2.
Liccardi G, D’Amato G, Walter Canonica G, Salzillo A, Piccolo A, Passalacqua G. Systemic reactions from skin testing: literature review. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2006; 16: 75-8.
Clark AT, Ewan PM. Interpretation of tests for nut allergy in one thousand patients, in relation to allergy or tolerance. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33: 1041-5.
Bıçakçı A, Altunoğlu MK, Bilişik A, Çelenk S, Canıtez Y, et al. Türkiye’nin atmosferik polenleri. Asthma Allergy Immunol 2009; 7: 11-7.
Turkeltaub PC, Gergen PJ. The risk of adverse reactions from percutaneous prick-puncture allergen skin testing, venipuncture, and body measurements: data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1976-80 (NHANES II). J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 84: 886-90.
Roberts G, Lack G. Diagnosing peanut allergy with skin prick and specific IgE testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 1291-6.
Valyasevi MA, Maddox DE, Li JT. Systemic reactions to allergy skin tests. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999; 83: 132-6.
Devenney I, Falth-Magnusson K. Skin prick tests may give generalised allergic reactions in infants. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 85: 457-60.
Novembre E, Bernardini R, Bertini G, Massai G, Vierucci A. Skin-prick-test-induced anaphylaxis. Allergy 1995; 50: 511-3.
Kupczyk M, Kupryś I, Górski P, Kuna P. Not one lancet for multiple SPT. Allergy 2001; 56: 256-7.
Bernstein IL, Storms WW. Practice parameters for allergy diagnostic testing. Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Asthma. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1995; 75: 543-625.
Nelson HS, Knoetzer J, Bucher B. Effect of distance between sites and region of the body on results of skin prick tests. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 97: 596-601.
Radwanski NE, Morris DO, Boston RC, Cerundolo R, Lee KW. Longitudinal evaluation of immunological responses to allergen-specific immunotherapy in horses with IgE associated dermatological disease, a pilot study. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30: 255-e78.
Kanthawatana S, Maturim W, Fooanan S, Trakultivakorn M. Skin prick reaction and nasal provocation response in diagnosis of nasal allergy to the house dust mite. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997; 79: 427-30.
Kelso JM. Application of topical corticosteroids to sites of positive immediate-type allergy skin tests to relieve itching: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 98: 182-4.
Barnes ML, Vaidyanathan S, Williamson PA, Lipworth BJ. The minimal clinically important difference in allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40: 242-50.
Ordovas-Montanes J, Dwyer DF, Nyquist SK, Buchheit KM, Vukovic M. Allergic inflammatory memory in human respiratory epithelial progenitor cells. Nature 2018; 560: 649-54.
Ren HL, Li JD, Miao YH, Xu T. Clinical investigation of basophil activation test as a complementary test for house dust mite allergen. Lin Chung 2018; 32: 365-8.
Procopiou PA, Ford AJ, Gore PM, Looker BE, Hodgson ST. Design of Phthalazinone Amide Histamine H(1) Receptor Antagonists for Use in Rhinitis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8: 577-81.
Wölbing F, Kunz J, Kempf WE, Grimmel C, Fischer J. The clinical relevance of birch pollen profilin cross-reactivity in sensitized patients. Allergy 2017; 72: 562-9.
Leśniak M, Dyga W, Rusinek B, Mazur M, Czarnobilska E. Comparison of the basophil activation test versus the nasal provocation test in establishing eligibility for specific immunotherapy. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2016; 126: 521-9.
Bellinghausen I, Saloga J. Analysis of allergic immune responses in humanized mice. Cell Immunol 2016; 308: 7-12.
Gilles-Stein S, Beck I, Chaker A, Bas M, McIntyre M. Pollen derived low molecular compounds enhance the human allergen specific immune response in vivo. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46: 1355-65.
Tolkki L, Alanko K, Petman L, Skydtsgaard MB, Milvang PG. Clinical characterization and IgE profiling of birch (Betula verrucosa)-allergic individuals suffering from allergic reactions to raw fruits and vegetables. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013; 1: 623-31.
Kleinjan A, van Nimwegen M, Leman K, Hoogsteden HC, Lambrecht BN. Topical treatment targeting sphingosine- 1-phosphate and sphingosine lyase abrogates experimental allergic rhinitis in a murine model. Allergy 2013; 68: 204-12.
García-Gallardo MV, Algorta J, Longo N, Espinel S, Aragones A, et al. Evaluation of the effect of pollution and fungal disease on Pinus radiata pollen allergenicity. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 160: 241-50.
Hussain MM, Mandal J, Bhattacharya K. Airborne load of Cassia pollen in West Bengal, eastern India: its atmospheric variation and health impact. Environ Monit Assess 2013; 185: 2735-44.
Di Lorenzo G, Leto-Barone MS, La Piana S, Ditta V, Di Fede G, Rini GB. Clinical course of rhinitis and changes in vivo and in vitro of allergic parameters in elderly patients: a long-term follow-up study. Clin Exp Med 2013; 13: 67-73.
Romano A, Caubet JC. Antibiotic allergies in children and adults: from clinical symptoms to skin testing diagnosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2014; 2: 3-12.
Moed H, Gerth van Wijk R, Hendriks RW, van der Wouden JC. Evaluation of clinical and immunological responses: a 2-year follow-up study in children with allergic rhinitis due to house dust mite. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013: 345217.
Barberini S, Della Rocca G, Danti R, Zanoni D, Mori B, Ariano R, et al. Different allergenicity of pollen extracts of three Mediterranean cypress species accounted for cytological observations. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 47: 149-55.
Campo P, Villalba M, Barrionuevo E, Rondón C, Salas M. Immunologic responses to the major allergen of Olea europaea in local and systemic allergic rhinitis subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45: 1703-12.
https://www.allergy.org.au/images/ASCIA_HP_SPT_Guide_2020.pdf (cited 2020 December 11)
Makhija M, O’Gorman MRG. Chapter 31: Common in vitro tests for allergy and immunology. Allergy Asthma Proc 2012; 33 Suppl 1: 108-11.
Stone KD, Prussin C, Metcalfe DD. IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125: S73-80.
Sharma S, Kathuria PC, Gupta CK, Nordling K, Ghosh B, Singh AB. Total serum immunoglobulin E levels in a case- control study in asthmatic/allergic patients, their family members, and healthy subjects from India. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36: 1019-27.
Villalta D, Da Re M, Conte M, Martelli P, Uasuf CG, Barrale M, et al. Allergen component specific ige measurement with the Immulite 2000 system: diagnostic accuracy and intermethod comparison. J Clin Lab Anal 2015; 29: 135-41.
Cobbaert CM, Jonker GJ. Allergy testing on the IMMULITE 2000 Random-Access immunoanalyzer - a clinical evaluation study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005; 43: 772-81.
Ahlstedt S, Murray CS. In vitro diagnosis of allergy: how to interpret IgE antibody results in clinical practice. Prim Care Respir J 2006; 15: 228-36.
Chinoy B, Yee E, Bahna SL. Skin testing versus radioallergosorbent testing for indoor allergens. Clin Mol Allergy 2005; 3: 4.
Rossi RE, Monasterolo G. Evaluation of recombinant and native timothy pollen (rPhl p 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12 and nPhl p 4)- specific IgG4 antibodies induced by subcutaneous immunotherapy with timothy pollen extract in allergic patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 135: 44-53.
Cudowska B, Kaczmarski M. Diagnostic value of birch recombinant allergens (rBet v 1, profilin rBet v 2) in children with pollen-related food allergy. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst 2004; 49: 111-5.
Quiralte J, Llanes E, Barral P, Arias de Saavedra JM, Saenz de San Pedro B, Villalba M, et al. Ole e 2 and Ole e 10: new clinical aspects and genetic restrictions in olive pollen allergy. Allergy 2005; 60: 360-5.
Simpson A, Soderstrom L, Ahlstedt S, Murray CS, Woodcock A, Custovic A. IgE antibody quantification and the probability of wheeze in preschool children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005; 116: 744-9.
Stern A, van Hage-Hamsten M, Sondell K, Johansson SG. Is allergy screening of blood donors necessary? A comparison between questionnaire answers and the presence of circulating IgE antibodies. Vox Sang 1995; 69: 114-9.
Ott H, Schroder CM, Stanzel S, Merk HF, Baron JM. Microarray-based IgE detection in capillary blood samples of patients with atopy. Allergy 2006; 61: 1146-7.
Treudler R, Simon JC. Overview of component resolved diagnostics. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 13: 110-7.
Lizaso MT, Garcia BE, Tabar AI, Lasa E, Echechipia S, Alvarez MJ, et al. Comparison of conventional and component-resolved diagnostics by two different methods (Advia-Centaur/Microarray-ISAC) in pollen allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 107: 35-41.
Westwood M, Ramaekers B, Lang S, Armstrong N, Noake C, de Kock S, et al. ImmunoCAP(R) ISAC and Microtest for multiplex allergen testing in people with difficult to manage allergic disease: a systematic review and cost analysis. Health Technol Assess 2016; 20: 1-178.
Sainte-Laudy J, Boumediene A, Touraine F, Orsel I, Brianchon C, Bonnaud F, et al. Use of both CD63 up regulation and IgE down regulation for the flow cytometric analysis of allergen induced basophil activation. Definition of an activation index. Inflamm Res 2007; 56: 291-6.
Ogulur I, Kiykim A, Baris S, Ozen A, Yuce EG, Karakoc-Aydiner E. Basophil activation test for inhalant allergens in pediatric patients with allergic rhinitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 97: 197-201.
Bochner BS, Sterbinsky SA, Knol EF, Katz BJ, Lichtenstein LM, MacGlashan DW, Jr., et al. Function and expression of adhesion molecules on human basophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 94: 1157-62.
Nopp A, Johansson SG, Ankerst J, Bylin G, Cardell LO, Gronneberg R, et al. Basophil allergen threshold sensitivity: a useful approach to anti-IgE treatment efficacy evaluation. Allergy 2006; 61: 298-302.
Nolte H, Storm K, Schiotz PO. Diagnostic value of a glass fibre-based histamine analysis for allergy testing in children. Allergy 1990; 45: 213-23.
Boumiza R, Monneret G, Forissier MF, Savoye J, Gutowski MC, Powell WS, et al. Marked improvement of the basophil activation test by detecting CD203c instead of CD63. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33: 259-65.
Hamilton RG, Franklin Adkinson N, Jr. In vitro assays for the diagnosis of IgE-mediated disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114: 213-25
Ahn JY, Hong SJ, Choi BS. Clinical Evaluation of Techniques for Measuring Nasal-Specific Immunoglobulin E in Pediatric Patients. J Korean Med Sci 2017; 32: 2005-8.
Jang TY, and Kim YH. Nasal provocation test is useful for discriminating allergic, nonallergic, and local allergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 29: 100-104.
Dordal MT, Lıuch-Bernal M, Sanchez MC, Rondon C, Navarro A, Montoro J et al. Allergen- specific nasal provocation testing: Review by the rhinoconjunctivitis comittee of the spanish Society of allergy and clinical immunology. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2011; 21: 1-12.
Matsumoto FY, Gonçalves TR, Sole D, Wandalsen GF. Specific nasal provocation test with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, monitored by acoustic rhinometry, in children with rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2017; 31: 7-11.
de Blay F, Doyen V, Lutz C, Godet J, Barnig C, Qi S, Braun JJ. A new, faster, and safe nasal provocation test method for diagnosing mite allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 115: 385-390.
Gomez F, Rondon C, Salas M, Campo P. Local allergic rhinitis: mechanisms, diagnosis and relevance for occupational rhinitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 15: 111-6.
Van Hage-Hamsten M, Pauli G. Provocation testing with recombinant allergens. Methods 2004; 32: 281-91.
Howarth PH, Persson CGA, Metlzer EO, Jacobson MR, Durham SR, Silkoff PE. Objective monitoring of nasal airway inflammation in rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 414-41.
Caimmi D, Baiz N, Tanno LK, Demoly P, Arnavielhe S, Murray R. Validation of the MASK-rhinitis visual analogue scale on smartphone screens to assess allergic rhinitis control Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47: 1526-33.
Kirtsreesakul V, Somjareonwattana P, Ruttanaphol S. The correlation between nasal symptom and mucociliary clearance in allergic rhinitis. Laryngoscope 2009; 119: 1458-62.
Clement PAR, Halewyck S, Gordts F, Michel O. Critical of different objective techniques of nasal airway assessment: A clinical review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 271: 2617-25.
Hilberg O. Objective measurement of nasal airway dimensions using acoustic rhinometry: methodological and clinical aspects. Allergy 2002; 57: 5-39.
Aoishi K, Takahashi H, Hato N, Gyo K, Yokota M, Ozaki S, et al. Treatment of allergic rhinitis with intranasal infusion of botulinum toxin type A in mice. Life Sci 2016; 147: 132-6.
Scadding G, Scadding GK. Update on the use of nitric oxide as a noninvasive measure of airways inflammation. Rhinology 2009; 47: 115-20.
Autio TJ, Koskenkorva T, Koivunen P, Alho OP. Inflammatory biomakers during bacterial acute rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18: 13.
Ma Y,Shi L, Zheng C. Microarray analysis of lncRNA mRNA expression profiles in mice with allergic rhinitis. Int J of Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 104: 58-65.
Bonifazi F, Bilò MB, Antonicelli L, Bonetti MG. Rhinopharyngoscopy, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Allergy 1997; 52: 28-31.
Racette SD, Wijewickrama RC, Jayaprakash V, Sherris DA, Santos C, Kita H, et al. Correlation of Symptoms, Clinical Signs, and Biomarkers of Inflammation in Postsurgical Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2017; 126: 455-62.
Berrettini S, Carabelli A, Sellari-Franceschini S, Bruschini L, Abruzzese A, Quartieri F, et al. Perenial allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis: correlation with rhinologic risk factors. Allergy 1999; 54: 242-8.
Benninger MS, Sindwani R, Holy CE, Hopkins C. Early versus delayed endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: Impact on health care utilization. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 152: 546-52.
Koskinen A, Numminen J, Markkola A, Karjalainen J, Karstila T, Julkunen A, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Symptoms, Endoscopy, and Imaging Signs of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Without Nasal Polyps Compared to Allergic Rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2018; 32: 121-31.
Jankowski R, Rumeau C, Gallet P, Nguyen DT. Nasal polyposis (or chronic olfactory rhinitis). Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2018; 135: 191-6.
Pulickal GG, Navaratnam AV, Nguyen T, Dragan AD, Dziedzic M, Lingam RK. Imaging Sinonasal disease with MRI: Providing insight over and above CT. Eur J Radiol 2018; 102: 157-68.
Feng CH, Miller MD, Simon RA. The united allergic airway: connections between allergic rhinitis, asthma, and chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2012; 26: 187-90.
Mhurchu EN, Ospina J, Janjua AS, Shewchuk JR, Vertinsky AT. Fungal Rhinosinusitis: A Radiological Review With Intraoperative Correlation. Can Assoc Radiol J 2017; 68: 178-1.
Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, et al. The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 22: 1-84.
Tran NP, Vickery J, Blaiss MS. Management of Rhinitis: Allergic and Non-Allergic. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2011; 3: 148-56.
Bachert C. Persistent rhinitis - allergic or nonallergic? Allergy 2004; 59: 11-5; discussion 15.
Brandt D, Bernstein JA. Questionnaire evaluation and risk factor identification for nonallergic vasomotor rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 96: 526-32.
Wilson, KF, Spector, ME, Orlandi, RR. Types of rhinitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2011; 44: 549-59.
Bernstein JA, Singh U. Neural Abnormalities in Nonallergic Rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2015; 15: 18.
Lung MA. The role of the autonomic nerves in the control of nasal circulation. Biol Signals 1995; 4: 179-85.
Greiwe J, Bernstein JA. Nonallergic Rhinitis: Diagnosis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2016; 36: 289-303.
Baraniuk JN. Pathogenic Mechanisms of Idiopathic Nonallergic Rhinitis. World Allergy Organ J 2009; 2: 106-14.
Baraniuk JN. Neurogenic mechanisms in rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2001; 1: 252-61.
Settipane RA1, Lieberman P. Update on nonallergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001; 86: 494-507
Rondón C, Doña I, Torres MJ, Campo P, Blanca M. Evolution of patients with nonallergic rhinitis supports conversion to allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123: 1098-102.
Kaliner MA. Classification of Nonallergic Rhinitis Syndromes with a Focus on Vasomotor Rhinitis, Proposed to be Known henceforth as Nonallergic Rhinopathy. The World Allergy Organization Journal 2009; 2: 98-101.
Settipane RA, Kaliner MA. Nonallergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013; 27: S48-51.
Kaliner MA. Nonallergic rhinopathy (formerly known as vasomotor rhinitis). Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2011; 31: 441-55.
Leone C, Teodoro C, Pelucchi A, Mastropasqua B, Cavigioli G, Marazzini L, et al. Bronchial responsiveness and airway inflammation in patients with nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 100: 775-80.
Scadding GK, Kariyawasam HH, Scadding G, Mirakian R, Buckley RJ, Dixon T, et al. BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis (Revised Edition 2017; First edition 2007). Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47: 856-89.
Raphael G, Raphael MH, and Kaliner M. Gustatory rhinitis: A syndrome of food-induced rhinorrhea. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 83:110-5.
Ellegård E, Hellgren M, Torén K, Karlsson G. The incidence of pregnancy rhinitis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000; 49: 98-101.
Sobol SE, Frenkiel S, Nachtigal D, Wiener D, Teblum C. Clinical manifestations of sinonasal pathology during pregnancy. J Otolaryngol 2001; 30: 24-8.
Moore EJ, Kern EB. Atrophic rhinitis: a review of 242 cases. Am J Rhinol 2001; 15: 355-61.
Marshall AH, Jones NS, Robertson IJ. CSF rhinorrhoea: the place of endoscopic sinus surgery. Br J Neurosurg 2001; 15: 8-12.
Quillen DM, Feller DB. Diagnosing rhinitis: allergic vs. nonallergic. Am Fam Physician 2006; 73: 1583-90.
Di Lorenzo G, Pacor ML, Amodio E, Leto-Barone MS, La Piana S, D’Alcamo A, et al. Differences and similarities between allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in a large sample of adult patients with rhinitis symptoms. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 155: 263-70.
Kaliner MA, Baraniuk JN, Benninger MS, Bernstein JA, Lieberman P, Meltzer EO, et al. Consensus Description of Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Clinical Studies of Nonallergic Rhinopathy (NAR), Previously Referred to as Vasomotor Rhinitis (VMR), Nonallergic Rhinitis, and/or Idiopathic Rhinitis. World Allergy Organ J 2009; 2: 180-4.
Dion GR, Weitzel EK, McMains KC. Current approaches to diagnosis and management of rhinitis. South Med J 2013; 106: 526-31.
Alves A, Martins C, Delgado L, Fonseca J, Moreira A. Exercise-induced rhinitis in competitive swimmers. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2010; 24: e114-7.
Beard S. Rhinitis. Prim Care 2014; 41: 33-46.
Scadding GK, Scadding GW. Diagnosing Allergic Rhinitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2016; 36: 249-60.
Lieberman P, Pattanaik D. Nonallergic rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2014; 14: 439.
Varghese M, Glaum MC, Lockey RF. Drug-induced rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40: 381-4.
https://www.aid.org.tr/forms/rehberler/1-Allerjik%20Rinit%20Tani%20ve%20Tedavi%20Rehberi%202012.pdf (cited 2020 December 11)
Garavello W, Somigliana E, Acaia B, Gaini L, Pignataro L, Gaini RM. Nasal lavage in pregnant women with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2010; 151: 137-41.
Flovent [package insert]. Philadelphia: GlaxoSmithKline; 2010. http:// www.fda.gov/downloads/ AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/ PediatricAdvisoryCommittee/UCM235282.pdf. (cited 2020 December 11)
Horak F, Zieglmayer UP. Azelastine nasal spray for the treatment of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2009; 5: 659-69.
Wilson KF, Spector ME, Orlandi RR. Types of rhinitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2011; 44: 549-59.
Braunstahl GJ. United airways concept: what does it teach us about systemic inflammation in airways disease? Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009; 6: 652-4.
Cingi C, Gevaert P, Mösges R, Rondon C, Hox V, Rudenko M. Multi-morbidities of allergic rhinitis in adults: European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Task Force Report. Clin Transl Allergy 2017; 7: 17.
Leynaert B, Neukirch C, Kony S, Guénégou A, Bousquet J, Aubier M, et al. Association between asthma and rhinitis according to atopic sensitization in a population-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113: 86-93.
Kou W, Li X, Yao H, Wei P. Meta-analysis of the comorbidity rate of allergic rhinitis and asthma in Chinese children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 107: 131-4.
Zhang Y, Zhang L. Prevalence of allergic rhinitis in china. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2014; 6: 105-13.
Di Cara G, Carelli A, Latini A, Panfili E, Bizzarri I, Ciprandi G, et al. Severity of allergic rhinitis and asthma development in children. World Allergy Organ J 2015; 8: 13.
Samitas K, Carter A, Kariyawasam HH, Xanthou G. Upper and lower airway remodelling mechanisms in asthma, allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis: The one airway concept revisited. Allergy 2017; 00: 1-10.
Laitinen A, Laitinen LA. Airway morphology: epithelium/basement membrane. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: S14-7.
Beers MF, Morrisey EE. The three R’s of lung health and disease: repair, remodeling, and regeneration. J Clin Invest 2011; 121: 2065-73.
Bhimrao SK, Wilson SJ, Howarth PH. Airway inflammation in atopic patients: a comparison of the upper and lower airways. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 145: 396-400.
Lim MC, Taylor RM, Naclerio RM. The histology of allergic rhinitis and its comparison to cellular changes in nasal lavage. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 136-44.
Eifan AO, Orban NT, Jacobson MR, Durham SR. Severe Persistent Allergic Rhinitis. Inflammation but No Histologic Features of Structural Upper Airway Remodeling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192: 1431-9.
Amin K, Rinne J, Haahtela T, Simola M, Peterson CG, Roomans GM, et al. Inflammatory cell and epithelial characteristics of perennial allergic and nonallergic rhinitis with a symptom history of 1 to 3 years’ duration. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 249-57.
Aguilar D, Pinart M, Koppelman GH, Saeys Y, Nawijn MC, Postma DS, et al. Computational analysis of multimorbidity between asthma, eczema and rhinitis. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0179125.
Lohia S, Schlosser RJ, Soler ZM. Impact of intranasal corticosteroids on asthma outcomes in allergic rhinitis: a meta-analysis. Allergy 2013; 68: 569-79.
Meltzer EO.Role for cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist therapy in asthma and their potential role in allergic rhinitis based on the concept of “one linked airway disease”. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 84: 176-85.
Elliott J, Kelly SE, Johnston A, Skidmore B, Gomes T, Wells GA. Allergen immunotherapy for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and/or asthma: an umbrella review. CMAJ Open 2017; 5: E373-E385.
Möller C, Dreborg S, Ferdousi HA, Halken S, Høst A, Jacobsen L, Koivikko A et al. Pollen immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis (the PAT-study). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109: 251-6.
Karakoc-Aydiner E, Eifan AO, Baris S, Gunay E, Akturk E, Akkoc T, et al. Long-term effect of sublingual and subcutaneous immunotherapy in dust mite-allergic children with asthma/rhinitis: A 3-Year Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2015; 25: 334-42.
Morjaria JB, Caruso M, Emma R, Russo C, Polosa R. Treatment of allergic rhinitis as a strategy for preventing asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18: 23.
Fokkens W, Desrosiers M, Harvey R, Hopkins C, Mullol J, Philpott C, et al. EPOS 2020: development strategy and goals for the latest European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 2019; 57: 162-8.
Halderman AA, Tully LJ. The Role of Allergy in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2017; 50: 1077-90.
Ibáñez MD, Valero AL, Montoro J, Jauregui I, Ferrer M, Dávila I, et al. Analysis of comorbidities and therapeutic approach for allergic rhinitis in a pediatric population in Spain. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24: 678-84.
Hoffmans R, Wagemakers A, van Drunen C, Hellings P, Fokkens W. Acute and chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis in relation to comorbidity, ethnicity and environment. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0192330.
Yoo KH, Ahn HR, Park JK, Kim JW, Nam GH, Hong SK et al. Burden of Respiratory Disease in Korea: An Observational Study on Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma, COPD, and Rhinosinusitis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2016; 8: 527-34.
Furukawa CT. The role of allergy in sinusitis in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 90: 515-7.
Mbarek C, Akrout A, Khamassi K, Ben Gamra O, Hariga I, Ben Amor M, et al. Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections in children and allergy. A crosssectional study of 100 Cases.Tunis Med 2008; 86: 358-61.
Naclerio R, Blair C, Yu X, Won YS, Gabr U, Baroody FM. Allergic rhinitis augments the response to a bacterial sinus infection in mice: A review of an animal model. Am J Rhinol 2006; 20: 524-33.
Blair C, Nelson M, Thompson K, Boonlayangoor S, Haney L, Gabr U, et al. Allergic inflammation enhances bacterial sinusitis in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108: 424-9.
Lin SW, Wang YH, Lee MY, Ku MS, Sun HL, Lu KH et al. Clinical spectrum of acute rhinosinusitis among atopic and nonatopic children in Taiwan. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 76: 70-5.
Leo G, Incorvaia C, Cazzavillan A, Consonni D, Zuccotti GV. Could seasonal allergy be a risk factor for acute rhinosinusitis in children? J Laryngol Otol 2018; 132: 150-3.
Pant H, Ferguson BJ, Macardle PJ. The role of allergy in rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 17: 232-8.
Melvin TA, Lane AP, Nguyen MT, Lin SY. Allergic rhinitis patients with recurrent acute sinusitis have increased sinonasal epithelial cell TLR9 expression. Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery: official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2010; 142: 659-64.
Vlastos I, Athanasopoulos I, Mastronikolis NS, Panogeorgou T, Margaritis V, Naxakis S, Goumas PD. Impaired mucociliary clearance in allergic rhinitis patients is related to a predisposition to rhinosinusitis. Ear Nose Throat J 2009; 88: E17-9.
Kirtsreesakul V, Ruttanaphol S. The relationship between allergy and rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 2008; 46: 204-8.
Ramadan HH, Fornelli R, Ortiz AO, Rodman S. Correlation of allergy and severity of sinus disease. Am J Rhinol 1999; 13: 345-7.
Gelincik A, Büyüköztürk S, Aslan I, Aydin S, Ozşeker F, Colakoğlu B, et al. Allergic vs nonallergic rhinitis: which is more predisposing to chronic rhinosinusitis? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 101: 18-22.
Sedaghat AR, Phipatanakul W, Cunningham MJ.Atopy and the development of chronic rhinosinusitis in children with allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013; 1: 689-91.
Baroody FM, Mucha SM, Detineo M, Naclerio RM. Nasal challenge with allergen leads to maxillary sinus inflammation. The Journal of al- lergy and clinical immunology 2008; 121: 1126-32.
DeYoung K, Wentzel JL, Schlosser RJ, Nguyen SA, Soler ZM. Systematic review of immunotherapy for chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2014; 28: 145-50.
Bachert C, Zhang N, Holtappels G, De Lobel L, van Cauwenberge P, Liu S, et al. Presence of IL-5 protein and IgE antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins in nasal polyps is associated with comorbid asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126: 962-8.
Pumhirun P, Limitlaohapanth C, Wasuwat P. Role of allergy in nasal polyps of Thai patients. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 1999; 17: 13-5.
Settipane GA, Chafee FH. Nasal polyps in asthma and rhinitis. A review of 6,037 patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1977; 59: 17-21.
Pang YT, Eskici O, Wilson JA. Nasal polyposis: role of subclinical delayed food hypersensitivity. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 122: 298-301.
Tan BK, Zirkle W, Chandra R, et al. Atopic profile of patients failing medical therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2011; 1: 88-94.
Erbek SS, Erbek S, Topal O, Cakmak O. The role of allergy in the severity of nasal polyposis. Am J Rhinol 2007; 21: 686-90.
Görgülü O, Ozdemir S, Canbolat EP, Sayar C, Olgun MK, Akbaş Y. Analysis of the roles of smoking and allergy in nasal polyposis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2012; 121: 615-9.
Bousquet J, Schünemann HJ, Samolinski B, Demoly P, Baena-Caqnani CE, Bachert C, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Astma (ARIA): achievements in 10 years and future needs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130: 1049-62.
Mantelli F, Lambiase A, Bonini S. A simple and rapid diagnostic algorithm for the detection of ocular allergic diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immun 2009; 9: 471-6.
Bonini S, Gramiccioni C, Bonini M, Bresciani M. Practical approach to diagnosis and treatment of ocular allergy: a 1-year systematic review. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 7: 446-9.
Friedlaender MH. Ocular allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Immunol 2011; 11: 477-82.
Ono SJ, Abelson MB. Jun J, Bielory L, Raizman MB. Vernal conjunctivitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008; 28: 59-82.
Leonardi A, Motterle L, Bortolotti M. Allergy and the eye. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 153: S17-21.
Jun J, Bielory L, Raizman MB. Vernal conjunctivitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008;28: 59-82.
Elhers WH, Donshik PC. Giant papillary conjunctivitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 8: 445-9.
Sih T, Mion O. Allergic rhinitis in the child and associated comorbidities. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21: e107-13.
Lack G, Caulfield H, Penagos M. The link between otitis media with effusion and allergy: a potential role for intranasal corticosteroids. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 258-66.
Rosenfeld RM, Culpepper L, Doyle KJ, Grundfast KM, Hoberman A, Kenn MA et al. Clinical practice guideline: Otitis media with effusion. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130: S95-118.
Nguyen P, Manoukian JJ, Tewfik TL, Sobol SE, Joubert P, Mazer BD et al. Evidence of allergic inflammation in the middle ear and nasopharynx in atopic children with otitis media with effusion. J Otolaryngol 2004; 33: 345-51.
Tewfik TL, Mazer B. The links berween allergy and otitis media with effusion. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006; 14: 187-90.
Luong A, Roland PS. The link between allergic rhinitis and chronic otitis media with effusion in atopic patients. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2008; 41: 311-23.
Criscuoli G, D’Amora S, Ripa G, Cinquegrana G, Mansi N, Impagliazzo N, et al. Frequency of surgery among children who have adenotonsillar hypertrophy and improve after treatment with nasal beclomethasone. Pediatrics 2003; 111: e236-8.
Meltzer EO, Blaiss MS, Naclerio RM, Stoloff SW, Derebery MJ, Nelson HS et al. Burden of allergic rhinitis: allergies in America, Latin America, and Asia-Pasific adult surveys. Allergy Asthma Proc 2012; 33: S113-41.
Flook EP, Kumar BN. Is there evidence to link acid reflux with chronic sinusitis or any nasal symptoms? A review of the evidence. Rhinology 2011; 49: 11-6.
Straumann A, Aceves SS, Blanchard C, Collins MH, Furuta GT, Hirano I et al. Pediatric and adult eosinophilic esophagitis: similarities and differences. Allergy 2012; 67: 477-90.
Simon D, Marti HP, Heer P, Simon HU, Braathen LR, Straumann A. Eosinophilic esophagitis is frequently associated with IgE-mediated allergic airway diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 1090-2.
Almansa C, Krishna M, Buchner AM, Ghabril MS, Talley N, DeVault KR et al. Seasonal distribution in newly diagnosed cases of eosinophilic esophagitis in adults. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 828-33.
Newton J, Furuta GT, Atkins D, Spomer K. Eosinophilic esophagitis: recognizing the clues. Gastroenterol Nurs 2011; 34: 147-52.
Spergel JM, Brown-Whitehorn TF, Beausoleil JL, Franciosi J, Shuker M, Verma R et al. 14 years of eosinophilic esophagitis: clinical features and prognosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 48: 30-6.
Ali Mel-S. Laryngopharyngeal reflux: diagnosis and treatment of a controversial disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 8: 28-33.
Ozmen S, Yücel OT, Sinici I, Ozmen OA, Süslü AE, Oğretmenoğlu O et al. Nasal pepsin assay and pH monitoring in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2008; 118: 890-4.
Evcimik MF, Dogru M, Cirik AA, Nepesov MI. Adenoid hypertrophy in children with allergic disease and influential factors. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79: 694-7.
Said SA, Mchembe MD, Chalya PL, Rambau P, Gilyoma JM. Allergic rhinitis and its associated co-morbidities at Bugando Medical Centre in Northwestern Tanzania; A prospective review of 190 cases. BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord 2012; 12: 13.
Mariño-Sánchez F, Valls-Mateus M, Cardenas-Escalante P, Haag O, Ruiz-Echevarría K, Jiménez-Feijoo R, et al. Influence of nasal septum deformity on nasal obstruction, disease severity, and medical treatment response among children and adolescents with persistent allergic rhinitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 95: 145-154.
Mariño-Sánchez FS, Valls-Mateus M, Ruiz-Echevarría K, Alobid I, Cardenas-Escalante P, Jiménez-Feijoo R, et al. Nasal obstructive disorders induce medical treatment failure in paediatric persistent allergic rhinitis (The NODPAR Study). Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28: 176-184.
Dogru M, Evcimik MF, Calim OF. Does adenoid hypertrophy affect disease severity in children with allergic rhinitis? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274: 209-213.
Ameli F, Brocchetti F, Tosca MA, Signori A, Ciprandi G. Adenoidal hypertrophy and allergic rhinitis: is there an inverse relationship? Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013; 27: e5-10.
Nuhoglu C, Nuhoglu Y, Bankaoglu M, Ceran O.A retrospective analysis of adenoidal size in children. with allergic rhinitis and nonallergic idiopathic rhinitis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2010; 28: 136-40.
Bozkurt G, Dizdar SK, Korkut AY, Coşkun BU. Adenoid Vegetation in Children with Allergic Rhinitis. Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 53: 168-72.
Hellings PW, Fokkens WJ. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on otorhinolaryngology. Allergy 2006; 61: 656-64.
Vinke JG, KleinJan A, Severijnen LW, Hoeve LJ, Fokkens WJ. Differences in nasal cellular infiltrates between allergic children and age-matched controls. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 797-803.
Nguyen LH, Manoukian JJ, Sobol SE, Tewfik TL, Mazer BD, Schloss MD, et al. Similar allergic inflammation in the middle ear and the upper airway: evidence linking otitis media with effusion to the united airways concept. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114: 1110-5.
Alaygut D,Ünlü M,Sutay S,Karaman Ö, Anal Ö. Adenoidal tissue expression of CD23 (FceRII): An evaluation with reference to recurrent upper respiratory tract complaints and allergy in children. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Investigations 2013; 4 : 1-7.
Chohan A, Lal A, Chohan K, Chakravarti A, Gomber S. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the role of mometasone in adenoid hypertrophy in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79: 1599-608.
Chadha NK, Zhang L, Mendoza-Sassi RA, César JA. Using nasal steroids to treat nasal obstruction caused by adenoid hypertrophy: does it work? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 140: 139-47.
Tatar M, Plevkova J, Brozmanova M, Pecova R, Kollarik M. Mechanisms of the cough associated with rhinosinusitis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22: 121-6.
Pecova R, Vrlic M, Tatar M. Cough sensitivity in allergic rhinitis. J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 56: 171-8.
Pecova R, Zucha J, Pec M, Neuschlova M, Hanzel P, Tatar M. Cough reflex sensivity testing in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients and healthy volunteers. J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 59: 557-64.
Krouse JH, Altman KW. Rhinogenic laryngitis, cough, and the unified airway. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2010; 43: 111-21.
Hadley AJ, Derebery MJ, Marple BF. Comorbidities and allergic rhinitis: not just a runny nose. J Fam Pract 2012; 61: S11-5.
Olze H, Zuberbier T. Comorbidities between nose and skin allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 11: 457-63.
Pols DHS, Bohnen AM, Nielen MMJ, Korevaar JC, Bindels PJE. Risks for comorbidity in children with atopic disorders. An observational study in Dutch general practices. BMJ Open 2017; 12: e018091.
Mullol J, Maurer M, Bousquet J. Sleep and allergic rhinitis. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2008; 18: 415-9.
Ferguson B. Influences of allergic rhinitis on sleep. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130: 617-29.
Shedden A. Impact of nasal congestion on quality of life and work productivity in allergic rhinitis: Findings from a large online survey. Treat Respir Med 2005; 4: 439-46
Craig TJ, Sherkat A, Safaee S. Congestion and sleep-impairment in allergic rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2010; 10: 113-21.
Gonzalez-Nunez V, Valero AL, Mullol J. Impact of sleep as a specific marker of quality of life in allergic rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 13: 131-41.
Leger D, Annesi-Maesano I, Carat F, Rugina M, Chanal I, Pribil C et al. Allergic rhinitis and its consequences on quality of sleep: an unexplored area. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1744-8.
Colas C, Galera H, Anibarro B, Soler R, Navarro A, Jauregui I et al. Disease severity impairs sleep quality in allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42: 1080-7.
Lin SY, Melvin TA, Boss EF, Iscman SL. The association between allergic rhinitis and sleep-disordered breathing in children: a systematic review. Int Forum 2013; 3: 504-9.
Kalra M, Lemasters G, Bernstein D, Wilson K, Levin L, Cohen A et al. Atopy as a risk factor for habitual snoring at age 1 year. Chest 2006; 129: 942-6.
Chng SY, Goh DY, Wang XS, Tan TN, Ong NB. Snoring and atopic disease: a strong association. Pediatr Pulmonol 2004; 38: 210-6.
Bunn WB, Pikelny DB, Paralkar S, Slavin T, Borden S, Allen HM. The burden of allergies--and the capacity of medications to reduce this burden-in a heavy manufacturing environment. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45: 941-55.
Benninger MS, Benninger RM. The impact of allergic rhinitis on sexual activity, sleep, and fatigue. Allergy Asthma Proc 2009; 30: 358-65.
Kirmaz C, Aydemir O, Bayrak P, Yüksel H, Ozenturk O, Degirmenci S. Sexual dysfunction in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivities. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 95: 525-9.
Ahluwalia SK, Matsui EC. Indoor Environmental Interventions for Furry Pet Allergens, Pest Allergens, and Mold: Looking to the Future. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology In practice 2018; 6: 9-19.
Portnoy J, Kennedy K, Sublett J, Phipatanakul W, Matsui E, Barnes C, et al. Environmental assessment and exposure control: a practice parameter--furry animals. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2012; 108: 223 e1-15.
Wise SK, Lin SY, Toskala E, Orlandi RR, Akdis CA, Alt JA, et al. International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis. International forum of allergy & rhinology. 2018; 8: 108-352.
Matsui EC, Abramson SL, Sandel MT; SECTION ON ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY; COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. Indoor Environmental Control Practices and Asthma Management. Pediatrics 2016; 138: e20162589.
Phipatanakul W, Matsui E, Portnoy J, Williams PB, Barnes C, Kennedy K, et al. Environmental assessment and exposure reduction of rodents: a practice parameter. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2012; 109: 375-87.
Sheehan WJ, Rangsithienchai PA, Wood RA, Rivard D, Chinratanapisit S, Perzanowski MS, et al. Pest and allergen exposure and abatement in inner-city asthma: a work group report of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Indoor Allergy/Air Pollution Committee. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 2010; 125: 575-81.
Rabito FA, Carlson JC, He H, Werthmann D, Schal C. A single intervention for cockroach control reduces cockroach exposure and asthma morbidity in children. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 2017; 140: 565-70.
Portnoy J, Miller JD, Williams PB, Chew GL, Zaitoun F, Phipatanakul W, et al. Environmental assessment and exposure control of dust mites: a practice parameter. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2013; 111: 465-507.
Nurmatov U, van Schayck CP, Hurwitz B, Sheikh A. House dust mite avoidance measures for perennial allergic rhinitis: an updated Cochrane systematic review. Allergy. 2012; 67: 158-65.
Sheikh A, Hurwitz B, Nurmatov U, van Schayck CP. House dust mite avoidance measures for perennial allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 2010: CD001563.
Arroyave WD, Rabito FA, Carlson JC, Friedman EE, Stinebaugh SJ. Impermeable dust mite covers in the primary and tertiary prevention of allergic disease: a meta-analysis. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 2014; 112: 237-48.
Leas BF, D’Anci KE, Apter AJ, Bryant-Stephens T, Lynch MP, Kaczmarek JL, et al. Effectiveness of indoor allergen reduction in asthma management: A systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141: 1854-69.
Jaakkola MS, Quansah R, Hugg TT, Heikkinen SA, Jaakkola JJ. Association of indoor dampness and molds with rhinitis risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 2013; 132: 1099-110.
Baxi SN, Portnoy JM, Larenas-Linnemann D, Phipatanakul W. Exposure and Health Effects of Fungi on Humans. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology In practice 2016; 4: 396-404.
Sauni R, Verbeek JH, Uitti J, Jauhiainen M, Kreiss K, Sigsgaard T. Remediating buildings damaged by dampness and mould for preventing or reducing respiratory tract symptoms, infections and asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015: CD007897.
Park JH, Cho SJ, White SK, Cox-Ganser JM. Changes in respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms in occupants of a large office building over a period of moisture damage remediation attempts. PloS one 2018; 13: e0191165.
Le Cann P, Paulus H, Glorennec P, Le Bot B, Frain S, Gangneux JP. Home Environmental Interventions for the Prevention or Control of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases: What Really Works. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology In practice 2017; 5: 66-79.
Baxi SN, Phipatanakul W. The role of allergen exposure and avoidance in asthma. Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews 2010; 21: 57-71.
Reisacher WR. Allergy treatment: environmental control strategies. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 2011; 44: 711-25.
Mims JW, Biddy AC. Efficacy of environmental controls for inhalant allergies. Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery 2013; 21: 241-7.
Smith M, Cecchi L, Skjoth CA, Karrer G, Sikoparija B. Common ragweed: a threat to environmental health in Europe. Environment international 2013; 61: 115-26.
Borchers AT, Chang C, Eric Gershwin M. Mold and Human Health: a Reality Check. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology 2017; 52: 305-22.
Singh M, Hays A. Indoor and Outdoor Allergies. Primary care 2016; 43: 451-63.
Bastl K, Berger U, Kmenta M. Evaluation of Pollen Apps Forecasts: The Need for Quality Control in an eHealth Service. Journal of medical Internet research 2017; 19: e152.
Wandalsen GF, Miranda C, Ensina LF, Sano F, Amazonas RB, Silva JMD, et al. Association between desloratadine and prednisolone in the treatment of children with acute symptoms of allergic rhinitis: a double-blind, randomized and controlled clinical trial. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 83: 633-639.
Karatzanis A, Chatzidakis A, Milioni A, Vlaminck S, Kawauchi H, Velegrakis S, et al. Contemporary Use of Corticosteroids in Rhinology. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 17: 11.
Aasbjerg K, Torp-Pedersen C, Backer V. Specific immunotherapy can greatly reduce the need for systemic steroids in allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2012; 67(: 1423-9.
Aasbjerg K, Torp-Pedersen C, Vaag A, Backer V. Treating allergic rhinitis with depot-steroid injections increase risk of osteoporosis and diabetes. Respir Med 2013; 107: 1852-8.
Lipworth B, Newton J, Ram B, Small I, Schwarze J. An algorithm recommendation for the pharmacological management of allergic rhinitis in the UK: a consensus statement from an expert panel. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med 2017; 27: 3.
Aadal M, Slørdal L. Glucocorticoid injections in the treatment of seasonal allergies Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2014; 134: 186-8.
Brożek JL, Bousquet J, Agache I, Agarwal A, Bachert C, Bosnic-Anticevich S. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) Guideline-2016 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140: 950-8.
Karaki M, Akiyama K, Mori N. Efficacy of intranasal steroid spray (mometasone furoate) on treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: comparison with oral corticosteroids. Auris Nasus Larynx 2013; 40: 277-81.
Jang TY, Kim YH. Recent Updates on the Systemic and Local Safety of Intranasal Steroids. Curr Drug Metab 2016; 17: 992-6.
Gupta R, Fonacier LS. Adverse Effects of Nonsystemic Steroids (Inhaled, Intranasal, and Cutaneous): a Review of the Literature and Suggested Monitoring Tool. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2016; 16: 44.
Verkerk MM, Bhatia D, Rimmer J, Earls P, Sacks R, Harvey RJ. Intranasal steroids and the myth of mucosal atrophy: a systematic review of original histological assessments. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 29: 3-18.
Schleimer RP. An overview of glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory actions. Eur JClin Pharmacol 1993; 45 Suppl 1: S3-7.
Seidman MD, Gurgel RK, Lin SY, Schwartz SR, Baroody FM, Bonner JR, et al. Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 152: S1-43.
Ezerarslan H. Allergic rhinitis and corticosteroid resistance. Turkish J Rhinology. 2015; 4: 56-64.
Rachelefsky G, Farrar JR. A control model to evaluate pharmacotherapy for allergic rhinitis in children. JAMA Pediatr 2013; 167: 380-6.
Develioglu ON, Paltura C, Koleli H, Kulekci M. The effect of medical treatment on voice quality in allergic rhinitis. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 65: 426-30.
Sher ER, Ross JA. Intranasal corticosteroids: the role of patient preference and satisfaction. Allergy Asthma Proc 2014; 35: 24-33.
Wang X, Zhu Y, Ni D, Lv W, Gao Z, Qi F. Intranasal application of glucocorticoid alleviates olfactory dysfunction in mice with allergic rhinitis. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14: 3971-8.
Dalgic A, Dinc ME, Ulusoy S, Dizdar D, Is A, Topak M. Comparison of the effects of nasal steroids and montelukast on olfactory functions in patients with allergic rhinitis. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2017; 134: 213-6.
Özdemir O, Elmas B. Correlation between prevalence of allergic rhinitis and certain diseases. MOJ Immunol 2015; 2: 00042.
Hoyte FC, Meltzer EO, Ostrom NK, Nelson HS, Bensch GW, Spangler DL, et al. Recommendations for the pharmacologic management of allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2014; 35: S20-7.
Khan DA. Allergic rhinitis and asthma: epidemiology and common pathophysiology. Allergy Asthma Proc 2014; 35: 357-61.
Bozkurt G, Kurt Dizdar S, Korkut AY, Coşkun BU. Adenoid vegetation in children with allergic rhinitis. Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 53: 168-72.
Yasar M, Uysal OI, Altuntaş EE, Cevit O, Müderris S. Effects of topical sprays on allergy-induced nasal obstruction in children. Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg 2013; 23: 217-24.
Liu W, Zhou L, Zeng Q, Luo R. Combination of mometasone furoate and oxymetazoline for the treatment of adenoid hypertrophy concomitant with allergic rhinitis: A randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 404-25.
Durham SR, Creticos PS, Nelson HS, Li Z, Kaur A, Meltzer EO, Nolte H. Treatment effect of sublingual immunotherapy tablets and pharmacotherapies for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis: Pooled analyses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138: 1081-1088.e4.
Carr WW. New therapeutic options for allergic rhinitis: back to the future with intranasal corticosteroid aerosols. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013; 27: 309-13.
Aneeza WH, Husain S, Rahman RA, Van Dort D, Abdullah A, Gendeh BS. Efficacy of mometasone furoate and fluticasone furoate on persistent allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Allergy Rhinol (Providence) 2013; 4: e120-6.
Yanez A, Dimitroff A, Bremner P, Rhee CS, Luscombe G, Prillaman BA, Johnson N. A patient preference study that evaluated fluticasone furoate and mometasone furoate nasal sprays for allergic rhinitis. Allergy Rhinol (Providence) 2016; 7: 183-92.
Yonezaki M, Akiyama K, Karaki M, Goto R, Inamoto R, Samukawa Y, Kobayashi R, Kobayashi E, Hoshikawa H. Preference evaluation and perceived sensory comparison of fluticasone furoate and mometasone furoate intranasal sprays in allergic rhinitis. Auris Nasus Larynx 2016; 43: 292-7.
Bensch GW. Safety of intranasal corticosteroids. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 117: 601-5.
Trybus E, Krol T, Obarzanowski T, Trybus W, Kopacz-Bednarska A, Obarzanowski M. Cytological assessment of the epithelial cells of the nasal mucous membrane after local fluticasone therapy. J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 66: 139-47.
Elbay A , Yenigün A , Özdemir H , Çalım Ö , Ekinci C, Çetinkaya R . Does the use of corticosteroid nasal spray play a role in the development of central serous chorioretinopathy?. Anadolu Klin 2017; 22: 163-8.
Şimşek A, Bayraktar C, Doğan S, Karataş M, Sarıkaya Y. The effect of long-term use of intranasal steroids on intraocular pressure. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10: 1079-82.
Lee LA, Sterling R, Máspero J, Clements D, Ellsworth A, Pedersen S. Growth velocity reduced with once-daily fluticasone furoate nasal spray in prepubescent children with perennial allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2014; 2: 421-7.
Mener DJ, Shargorodsky J, Varadhan R, Lin SY. Topical intranasal corticosteroids and growth velocity in children: a meta-analysis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2015; 5: 95-103.
Özdemir Ö, Elmas B. New Developments in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Allergic Rhinitis. Asthma Allergy Immunol 2016; 14: 1-16.
Mansfield LE, Mendoza CP. Medium and long-term growth in children receiving intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate: a clinical experience. South Med J 2002; 95: 334-40.
Hampel FC Jr, Nayak NA, Segall N, Small CJ, Li J, No hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function effect with beclomethasone dipropionate nasal aerosol, based on 24-hour serum cortisol in pediatric allergic rhinitis. Tantry SK4.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 115: 137-42.
Georges G, Kim KT, Ratner P, Segall N, Qiu C. Effect of intranasal triamcinolone acetonide on basal hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis function in children with allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2014; 35: 163-70.
Rodríguez-Martínez CE, Sossa-Briceño MP, Vladimir Lemos E. Cost-effectiveness analysis of mometasone furoate versus beclomethasone dipropionate for the treatment of pediatric allergic rhinitis in Colombia. Adv Ther 2015; 32: 254-69.
Martino BJ, Church CA, Seiberling KA. Effect of intranasal dexamethasone on endogenous cortisol level and intraocular pressure. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2015; 5: 605-9.
Raphael GD, Berger WE, Prenner BM, Finn AF Jr, Kelley L, Tantry SK. Efficacy, safety, and optimal dose selection of beclomethasone dipropionate nasal aerosol for seasonal allergic rhinitis in adolescents and adults. Curr Med Res Opin 2013; 29: 1329-40.
Storms WW, Segall N, Mansfield LE, Amar NJ, Kelley L, Ding Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate nasal aerosol in pediatric patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 111: 408-414.e1.
Sonnemann U, Möller M, Bilstein A. Noninterventional open-label trial investigating the efficacy and safety of ectoine containing nasal spray in comparison with beclomethasone nasal spray in patients with allergic rhinitis. J Allergy (Cairo) 2014;2 014: 297203.
Weinstein SF, Andrews CP, Shah SR, Chylack LT Jr, Tankelevich A, Ding Y, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of once-daily treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate nasal aerosol. Allergy Asthma Proc 2014; 35: 323-31.
Berger WE, Meltzer EO. Intranasal spray medications for maintenance therapy of allergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 29: 273-82.
Mansfield LE. Beclomethasone HFA for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015; 16: 2849-57.
Ferrante G, Montalbano L, Cilluffo G, Malizia V, Marchese D, La Grutta S. Beclomethasone dipropionate hydrofluoroalkane for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12: 279-88.
Bukstein D, Parikh R, Eid S, Ferro T, Morello JP. Beclomethasone Dipropionate Nasal Aerosol in Patients with Perennial Allergic Rhinitis(BALANCE) study: 6-month results. Allergy Asthma Proc 2016; 37: 121-30.
Brown K, Lane J, Silva MP, DeTineo M, Naclerio RM, Baroody FM. A pilot study of the effects of intranasal budesonide delivered by NasoNeb® on patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2014; 4: 43-8.
Zicari AM, Occasi F, Montanari G, Indinnimeo L, De Castro G, Tancredi G, et al. Intranasal budesonide in children affected by persistent allergic rhinitis and its effect on nasal patency and Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) score. Curr Med Res Opin 2015; 31: 391-6.
Li Z, Geng M. [Effect of budesonide on the expression of IL-12 in animal model of minimal persistent inflammation of allergic rhinitis in rats]. Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2015; 29: 270-4.
Meltzer EO, Bensch GW, Storms WW. New intranasal formulations for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2014; 35: S11-9.
Emanuel IA, Blaiss MS, Meltzer EO, Evans P, Connor A. Nasal deposition of ciclesonide nasal aerosol and mometasone aqueous nasal spray in allergic rhinitis patients. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2014; 28: 117-21.
Berger WE, Prenner B, Turner R, Meltzer EO. A patient preference and satisfaction study of ciclesonide nasal aerosol and mometasone furoateaqueous nasal spray in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2013; 34: 542-50.
Wu W1, Walters RD, Nadeau GA, Botnick W, Broughton N. An integrated analysis of the efficacy of fluticasone furoate nasal spray versus placebo on the nasal symptoms of perennial allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2013; 34: 283-91.
Okubo K, Okamasa A, Honma G, Komatsubara M. Efficacy and safety of fluticasone furoate nasal spray in Japanese children with perennial allergic rhinitis: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Allergol Int 2014; 63: 543-51.
Okubo K, Okamasa A, Honma G, Komatsubara M. Safety and efficacy of fluticasone furoate nasal spray in Japanese children 2 to <15 years of age with perennial allergic rhinitis: a multicentre, open-label trial. Allergol Int 2015; 64: 60-5.
Špadijer Mirković C, Perić A, Vukomanović Đurđević B, Vojvodić D. Effects of Fluticasone Furoate Nasal Spray on Parameters of Eosinophilic Inflammation in Patients With Nasal Polyposis and Perennial Allergic Rhinitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2017; 126: 573-80.
Ratner P, Van Bavel J, Mohar D, Jacobs RL, Hampel F, Howland W, Karwal R. Efficacy of daily intranasal fluticasone propionate on ocular symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 114: 141-7.
Ford LB, Matz J, Hankinson T, Prillaman B, Georges G. A comparison of fluticasone propionate nasal spray and cetirizine in ragweed fall seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2015; 36: 313-9.
Jindal A, Suriyan S, Sagadevan S, Narasimhan M, Shanmuganathan A, Vallabhaneni V, et al. Comparison of Oral Montelukast and Intranasal Fluticasone in Patients with Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10: OC06-10.
Muganurmath CS, Curry AL, Schindzielorz AH. Causality Assessment of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction Associated with Intranasal Fluticasone Propionate: Application of the Bradford Hill Criteria. Adv Ther 2018; 35: 173-90.
Baccioglu Kavut A, Kalpaklıoğlu F. Efficacy and safety of once daily triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray in adults with non-allergic and allergic rhinitis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2013; 41: 374-80.
Schenkel E, Newman KB. Therapeutic equivalence of triamcinolone acetonide hydrofluoroalkane and chlorofluorocarbon nasal inhalers in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013; 27: 109-12.
Mak KK, Ku MS, Lu KH, Sun HL, Lue KH. Comparison of mometasone furoate monohydrate (Nasonex) and fluticasone propionate (Flixonase) nasal sprays in the treatment of dust mite-sensitive children with perennial allergic rhinitis. Pediatr Neonatol 2013; 54: 239-45.
Meltzer EO, Baena-Cagnani CE, Gates D, Teper A. Relieving nasal congestion in children with seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis: efficacy and safety studies of mometasone furoate nasal spray. World Allergy Organ J 2013; 6: 5.
Kujundzić M, Babarović E, Petković M, Pavlović-Ruzić I, Coklo M, Zamolo G. Mometasone furoate and nasal vascularisation in allergic patients. Coll Antropol 2013; 37: 127-30.
Kuna P, Wasiak W, Jones S, Kreft KZ. Comparative safety and efficacy of two formulations of mometasone nasal spray in adult seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2014; 35: 332-7.
Passali D, Spinosi MC, Crisanti A, Bellussi LM. Mometasone furoate nasal spray: a systematic review. Multidiscip Respir Med 2016; 11: 18.
Antila MA, Castro FM, Sano F, Machado A, Fernandes F, Rosário Filho NA,et al. Mometasone furoate in the treatment of mild, moderate, or severe persistent allergic rhinitis: a non-inferiority study (PUMA). Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 82: 580-8.
Samoliński B, Nowicka A, Wojas O, Lipiec A, Krzych-Fałta E, Tomaszewska A. Intranasal glucocorticosteroids - not only in allergic rhinitis In the 40th anniversary of intranasal glucocorticosteroids’ introduction. Otolaryngol Pol 2014; 68: 51-64.
Daley-Yates PT, Price AC, Sisson JR, Pereira A, Dallow N. Beclomethasone dipropionate: absolute bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and metabolism following intravenous, oral, intranasal and inhaled administration in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 51: 400-9.
Rapiejko P, Sosnowski TR, Sova J, Jurkiewicz D. Deposition of intranasal glucocorticoids--preliminary study. Otolaryngol Pol 2015; 69: 30-8.
Alhussien AH, Alhedaithy RA, Alsaleh SA. Safety of intranasal corticosteroid sprays during pregnancy: an updated review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 275: 325-33.
Leach CL, Kuehl PJ, Chand R, McDonald JD. Nasal Deposition of HFA-Beclomethasone, Aqueous Fluticasone Propionate and Aqueous Mometasone Furoate in Allergic Rhinitis Patients. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2015; 28: 334-40.
Ganesh V, Banigo A, MucMurran AEL, Shakeel M, Ram B. Does intranasal steroid spray technique affect side effects and compliance? Results of a patient survey. J Laryngol Otol 2017; 131: 991-996.
Ecevit MC. Allerjik Rinitte Medikal Tedavi. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Ear Nose and Throat-Special Topics 2015; 8: 43-8.
Koca Kalkan I, Baccioglu Kavut A, Kalpaklioglu AF. Allergic rhinitis: can we identify nonadherence to therapy and its predictors easily in daily practice? J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2013; 23: 315-22.
Ocak E, Kocaoz D, Acar B. How can we improve medical adherence to intranasal corticosteroids in children? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 100: 194-197.
May JR, Dolen WK. Management of Allergic Rhinitis: A Review for the Community Pharmacist. Clin Ther 2017; 39: 2410-19.
Kuna P, Jurkiewicz D, Czarnecka-Operacz MM, Pawliczak R, Woroń J, Moniuszko M, et al. The role and choice criteria of antihistamines in allergy management - expert opinion. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2016; 33: 397-410.
Seidman MD, Gurgel RK, Lin SY, Schwartz SR, Baroody FM, Bonner JR, et al. Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis executive summary. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 152: 197-206.
Klimek L, Mullol J, Hellings P, Gevaert P, Mösges R, Fokkens W. Recent pharmacological developments in the treatment of perennial and persistent allergic rhinitis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17: 657-69.
Hu Y, Sieck DE, Hsu WH. Why are second-generation H1-antihistamines minimally sedating? Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765: 100-6.
Anagnostou K, Swan KE, Brough H . The use of antihistamines in children. Paediatrics and Child Health 2016; 26: 310-3.
Leceta A, Sologuren A, Valiente R, Campo C, Labeaga L. Bilastine in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria: a practical approach to treatment decisions based on queries received by the medical information department. Drugs Context 2017; 6: 212500.
Valk PJ, Van Roon DB, Simons RM, Rikken G. Desloratadine shows no effect on performance during 6 h at 8,000 ft simulated cabin altitude. Aviat Space Environ Med 2004; 75: 433-8.
Skoner DP, LaForce CF, Nathan RA, Urdaneta ER, Zielinski MA, Sacavage SD, Franklin KB, Wu MM. Effect of cetirizine on symptom severity and quality of life in perennial allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2014; 35: 338-45.
Mösges R, König V, Köberlein J. The effectiveness of modern antihistamines for treatment of allergic rhinitis - an IPD meta-analysis of 140,853 patients. Allergol Int 2013; 62: 215-22.
Poluzzi E, Diemberger I, De Ridder M, Koci A, Clo M, Oteri A, at al. Use of antihistamines and risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmia: a nested case-control study in five European countries from the ARITMO project. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 73: 1499-510.
Pecoraro L, Paiola G, Pietrobelli A. Ebastine overdose in a child. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5: 403-5.
Bousquet J, Ansótegui I, Canonica GW, Zuberbier T, Baena-Cagnani CE, Bachert C, et al. Establishing the place in therapy of bilastine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis according to ARIA: evidence review. Curr Med Res Opin 2012; 28: 131-9.
Anna Olasińska-Wiśniewska, Jerzy Olasiński, Stefan Grajek .Cardiovascular safety of antihistamines. Postep Derm Alergol 2014; 3: 182-6.
Mullol J, Bousquet J, Bachert C, Canonica GW, Giménez-Arnau A, Kowalski ML, et al. Update on rupatadine in the management of allergic disorders. Allergy 2015; 70: 1-24.
Munoz-Cano R, Ainsua-Enrich E, Torres-Atencio I, Martin M, Sánchez-Lopez J, Bartra J,et al. A. Effects of Rupatadine on Platelet- Activating Factor-Induced Human Mast Cell Degranulation Compared With Desloratadine and Levocetirizine (The MASPAF Study). J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2017; 27: 161-8.
Keam SJ1, Plosker GL. Rupatadine: a review of its use in the management of allergic disorders. Drugs 2007; 67: 457-74.
Dávila I, del Cuvillo A, Mullol J, Jáuregui I, Bartra J, Ferrer M, et al. Use of second generation H1 antihistamines in special situations. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2013; 23: 1-16.
Endo S, Yamamoto Y, Minami Y, Okumura S, Sasaki T, Ohsaki Y. Histamine H1 antagonist levocetirizine as a potential cause of lung injury. Respirol Case Rep 2015; 3: 64-7.
Guillermina E, Budiño D. Evaluation of caridotoxicity of rupatadine, and antihistamine, as recommendeded by ICH E14. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Doctoral Thesis. 2016. Esther 2016.
Church MK. Safety and efficacy of bilastine: a new H(1)-antihistamine for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2011; 10: 779-93.
Kuna P, Bachert C, Nowacki Z, van Cauwenberge P, Agache I, Fouquert L, at al; Bilastine International Working Group. Efficacy and safety of bilastine 20 mg compared with cetirizine 10 mg and placebo for the symptomatic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39: 1338-47.
Jung MC, Kim JK, Cho JY, Song JW, Lee B, Park JW, et al. A case of levocetirizine-induced liver injury. Clin Mol Hepatol 2016; 22: 495-8.
Kim MY, Jo EJ, Chang YS, Cho SH, Min KU, Kim SH. A case of levocetirizine-induced fixed drug eruption and cross-reaction with piperazine derivatives. Asia Pac Allergy 2013 ; 3: 281-4.
Johnson M1, Kwatra G1, Badyal DK1, Thomas EA2. Levocetirizine and rupatadine in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Int J Dermatol. 2015; 54: 1199-204.
Lieberman P. Intranasal antihistamines for allergic rhinitis: mechanism of action. Allergy Asthma Proc 2009; 30: 345- 8.
Broide DH. Pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2007; 28: 398-403.
Yamauchi Y, Fujikura T, Shimosawa T. The effect of H1 antagonists carebastine and olopatadine on histamine nduced expression of CC chemokines in cultured human nasal epithelial cells. AllergolInt 2007; 56: 171-7.
Kishimoto K, Kaneko S, Ohmori K, et al. Olopatadine suppresses themigration of THP-1 monocytesinducedby S100A12 protein. Mediators Inflamm 2006; 2006: 42726.
Rosenwasser L. New insightsintothepathophysiology of allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2007; 28: 10-5.
Sarin S, Undem B, Sanico A, et al. The role of the nervous system in rhinitis. J Allergy ClinImmunol 2006; 118: 999-1016.
Chalastras T, Nicolopoulou-Stamati P, Patsouris E, Eleftheriadou A, Kandiloros D, Yiotakis I, et al. Expression of substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and heat shock protein 70 in nasal mucosal smears of patients with allergic rhinitis: investigation using a liquid-based method. J Laryngol Otol 2008; 122: 700-6.
Tamura T, Komai M. Effect of olopatadine hydrochloride, an anti-histamine drug, on rhinitis induced by intranasal instillation of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8: 916-21.
Sheahan P, Walsh RM, Walsh MA, et al. Hyperresponsiveness of congestivenasalreflexes in allergicrhinitis. Rhinology 2006; 44: 68-73.
Tang HB, Nakata Y. Olopatadine attenuates the enhancement of capsaicin-evoked substance P release by bradykinin from cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 552: 78-82.
Kaliner MA. Thetreatment of vasomotor nonallergicrhinitis. Clin Allergy Immunol 2007; 19: 351-62.
Astelin. Somerset, NJ: Med Pointe Pharmaceuticals Inc; 2007. Astelin 2007.
Astepro. Somerset, NJ: MedaPharmaceuticalsInc; 2009. Astelin 2009.
Bernstein JA. Azelastine hydrochloride: a review of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and tolerability. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23: 2441-52.
Horak F, Zieglmayer UP, Zieglmayer R, Kavina A, Marschall K, Munzel U, et al. Azelastine nasal spray and desloratadine tablets in pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis: a pharmacodynamic study of onset of action and efficacy. Curr Med Res Opin 2006; 22: 151-7.
Patel P, D’Andrea C, Sacks HJ. Onset of action of azelastine nasal spray compared with mometasone nasal spray and placebo in subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis evaluated in an environmental exposure chamber. Am J Rhinol 2007; 21: 499-503.
Bernstein JA, Prenner B, Ferguson BJ, Portnoy J, Wheeler WJ, Sacks HJ. Double-blind, placebo-controlledtrial of reformulatedazelastinenasalspray in patients with seasonalallergicrhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2009; 23: 512-7.
vanBavel J, Howland WC, Amar NJ, Wheeler W, Sacks H. Efficacy and safety of azelastine 0.15% nasal spray administered once daily in subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2009; 30: 512-8.
Pipkorn P, Costantini C, Reynolds C, et al. The effects of the nasal antihistamines olopatadine and azelastine in nasal allergen provocation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008;101: 82-9.
Fairchild CJ, Meltzer EO, Roland PS, Wells D, Drake M, Wall GM. Comprehensivereport of theefficacy, safety, quality of life, andworkimpact of olopatadine 0.6% andolopatadine 0.4% treatment in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2007; 28: 716-23.
Hampel FC Jr, Ratner PH, Amar NJ, et al. Improved quality of life among seasonal allergic rhinitis patients treated with olopatadine HCL nasalspray 0.4% and olopatadine HCl nasalspray 0.6% compared with vehicle placebo. Allergy Asthma Proc 2006; 27: 202-7.
Patel D, Garadi R, Brubaker M, Conroy JP, Kaji Y, Crenshaw K, Whitling A, Wall GM. Onset and duration of action of nasal sprays in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients: olopatadine hydrochloride versus mometasone furoate monohydrate. Allergy Asthma Proc 2007; 28: 592-9.
Patanase (olopatadinehydrochloride) 665 mcgNasalSpray. Fort Worth, TX: AlconLaboratories; 2009. PAtanase 2009.
Shah SR, Nayak A, Ratner P, Roland P, Michael Wall G. Effects of olopatadinehydrochloride nasal spray 0.6% in thetreatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active- and placebo- controlled study in adolescents and adults. Clin Ther 2009; 31: 99 -107.
Berger WE, White MV; Rhinitis Study Group. Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in patients with an unsatisfactory response to loratadine. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 91:2005-11.
LaForce CF, Corren J, Wheeler WJ, Berger WE; Rhinitis Study Group. Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients who remain symptomatic after treatment with fexofenadine. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 93: 154-9.
Corren J, Storms WW, Bernstein J, et al. Effectiveness of azelastine nasal spray compared to oral cetirizine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. ClinTher 2005; 27: 543-53.
Berger W, Hampel F Jr, Bernstein J, Shah S, Sacks H, Meltzer EO. Impact of azelastine nasal spray on symptoms and quality of life compared with cetirizine oral tablets in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 97: 375-81.
Yanez A, Rodrigo GJ. Intranasal corticosteroids versus topical H1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002; 89: 479-84.
Berger WE, Fineman SM, Lieberman P, Mile RM; RhinitisStudyGroups. Double-blindtrials of azelastine nasal spray monotherapy versus combination therapy with loratadine tablets and beclomethasone nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999; 82: 535-41.
Kaliner MA, Storms W, Tilles S, Spector S, Tan R, LaForce C, et al. Comparison of olopatadine 0.6% nasal spray versus fluticasone propionate 50 microg in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2009; 30: 255-62.
Ratner PH, Hampel F, Van Bavel J, Amar NJ, Daftary P, Wheeler W, Sacks H. Combination therapy with azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray and fluticasone propionate nasal spray in the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 100: 74-81.
Barnes ML, Ward JH, Fardon TC, Lipworth BJ. Effects of levocetirizine as add-on therapy to fluticasone in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36: 676-84.
Di Lorenzo G, Pacor ML, Pellitteri ME, Morici G, Di Gregoli A, Lo Bianco C, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing fluticasone aqueous nasal spray in mono-therapy, fluticasone plus cetirizine, fluticasone plus montelukast and cetirizine plus montelukast for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34: 259-67.
Kaliner MA. A novel and effective approach to treating rhinitis with nasal antihistamines. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 99: 383-92.
Cobanoğlu B, Toskala E, Ural A, Cingi C. Role of leukotriene antagonists and antihistamines in the treatment. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 13: 203-8.
Peters-Golden M, Henderson WR Jr. The role of leukotrienes in allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 94: 609-18.
Ciebiada MG, Barylski M, Ciebiada M. Wheal and flare reactions in skin prick tests of patients treated with montelukast alone or in combination with antihistamines. Inflamm Res 2014; 63: 191-5.
Grainger J, Drake-Lee A. Montelukast in allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Clin Otolaryngol 2006; 31: 360-7.
Rodrigo GJ, Yanez A. The role of antileukotriene therapy in seasonal allergic rhinitis: A systematic review of randomized trials. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 96: 779-86.
Wilson AM, O’Byrne PM, Parameswaran K. Leukotriene receptor antagonists for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 2004; 116: 338-44.
Xu Y, Zhang J, Wang J. The efficacy and safety of selective H1-antihistamine versus leukotriene receptor antagonist for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9: e112815.
Philip G, Nayak AS, Berger WE, Leynadier F, Vrijens F, Dass SB, et al. The effect of montelukast on rhinitis symptoms in patients with asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis. Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20: 1549-58.
Rudmik L, Soler ZM. Medical Therapies for Adult Chronic Sinusitis: A Systematic Review. JAMA 2015; 314: 926-39.
Gane J, Buckley R. Leukotriene receptor antagonists in allergic eye disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013; 1: 65-74.
Goh BS, Ismail MI, Husain S. Quality of life assessment in patients with moderate to severe allergic rhinitis treated with montelukast and/or intranasal steroids: a randomised, double-blind, placebo- controlled study. J Laryngol Otol 2014; 128: 242-8.
Hara H, Sugahara K, Hashimoto M, Mikuriya T, Tahara S, Yamashita H. Effectiveness of the leukotriene receptor antagonist pranlukast hydrate for the treatment of sleep disorder in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Acta Otolaryngol 2014; 134: 307-13.
Erdoğan BA, Sanlı A, Paksoy M, Altın G, Aydın S. Quality of life in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis treated with desloratadine monotherapy or desloratadine plus montelucast combination. Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg 2014; 24: 217-24.
Yarıktaş M, Ünlü M, Döner F, Şahin Ü. Comparison of leukotriene receptor rntagonist and antihistamine therapy in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Türk Otolarengoloji Arşivi 2002; 40: 252-6.
Karabıçak H. Alerjik rinitli hastalarda flutikazon propiyonatın tek başına, levosetrizin veya montelukast ile birlikte kullanımlarının tedavi üzerine etkinliklerinin karşılaştırılması. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Kulak, Burun ve Boğaz Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, 2011.
Bozkurt MK, Tülek B, Akyürek N, Öz M, Kıyıcı A. Comparison of the efficy of prednisolone, montelukast, and omalizumab in an experimental allergic rhinitis model. Turk J Med Sci 2014; 44: 439-47.
Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Baena-Cagnani CE, Bonini S, Canonica GW, Casale TB, et al; Global Allergy and Asthma European Network; Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) Guideline: 2010 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126: 466- 76.
Arnold DH, Bowman N, Reiss TF, Hartert TV, Seger DL. Adverse events are rare after single-dose montelukast exposures in children. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018; 56: 25-29.
Calapai G, Casciaro M, Miroddi M, Calapai F, Navarra M, Gangemi S. Montelukast-induced adverse drug reactions: a review of case reports in the literature. Pharmacology 2014; 94: 60-70.
Kocyigit A, Gulcan Oksuz B, Yarar F, Uzun F, Igde M, Islek I. Hallucination development with montelukast in a child with asthma: case presentation. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 12: 397-9.
Rx Media Pharma 2018 İnteraktif İlaç Bilgi Kaynağı [Internet]. GEMAŞ A.Ş. 2018 [cited 2020 20 December]. Available from: www.rxmediapharma.com.
Liu G, Zhou X, Chen J, Liu F. Oral antihistamines alone vs in combination with leukotriene receptor antagonists for allergic rhinitis: A meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 158: 450-458.
Cingi C, Toros SZ, Ince I, Ertugay CK, Gurbuz MK, Cakli H, et al. Does desloratadine alter the serum levels of montelukast when administered in a fixed-dose combination? Laryngoscope 2013; 123: 2610-4.
Cingi C, Oghan F, Eskiizmir G, Yaz A, Ural A, Erdogmus N. Desloratadine-montelukast combination improves quality of life and decreases nasal obstruction in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2013; 3: 801-6.
Badorrek P, Dick M, Schauerte A, Hecker H, Murdoch R, Luettig B, et al. A combination of cetirizine and pseudoephedrine has therapeutic benefits when compared to single drug treatment in allergic rhinitis. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2009; 47: 71-7.
Klimek L, Poletti SC, Sperl A, Spielhaupter M, Bardenhewer C, Mullol J, et al. Olfaction in patients with allergic rhinitis: an indicatorof successful MP-AzeFlu therapy. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2017; 7: 287-92.
Grubbe RE, Lumry WR, Anolik R. Efficacy and safety of desloratadine/pseudoephedrine combination vs its components in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology 2009; 19: 117-24.
Wolthers OD. New patents of fixed combinations of nasal antihistamines and corticosteroids in allergic rhinitis. Recent patents on inflammation & allergy drug discovery 2013; 7: 223-8.
Klimek L, Bousquet J, Price D. Safety evaluation of MP29-02 (a novel intranasal formulation of azelastine hydrochloride and fluticasone propionate) for allergic rhinitis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2016; 15: 117-29.
Guo L, Sun X, Yang J, Liu J, Wang D. [Clinical study of the combination therapy with intranasal antihistamine and nasal corticosteroids in the treatment of nasal obstruction of persistent non-allergic rhinitis]. Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology, head, and neck surgery 2015; 29: 243-5.
Klimek L, Bachert C, Mosges R, Munzel U, Price D, Virchow JC, et al. Effectiveness of MP29-02 for the treatment of allergic rhinitis in real-life: results from a noninterventional study. Allergy and asthma proceedings 2015; 36: 40-7.
Berger W, Bousquet J, Fox AT, Just J, Muraro A, Nieto A, et al. MP-AzeFlu is more effective than fluticasone propionate for the treatment of allergic rhinitis in children. Allergy 2016; 71: 1219-22.
Dollner R, Lorentz Larsen P, Dheyauldeen S, Steinsvag S. A multicenter, prospective, noninterventional study in a Norwegian cohort of patients with moderate-to-severe allergic rhinitis treated with MP-AzeFlu. Allergy & rhinology (Providence, RI) 2017; 8: 148-56.
Devillier P, Dreyfus JF, Demoly P, Calderon MA. A meta-analysis of sublingual allergen immunotherapy and pharmacotherapy in pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. BMC medicine 2014; 12: 71.
Greiwe JC, Bernstein JA. Combination therapy in allergic rhinitis: What works and what does not work. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2016; 30: 391-6.
Prenner BM. A review of the clinical efficacy and safety of MP-AzeFlu, a novel intranasal formulation of azelastine hydrochloride and fluticasone propionate, in clinical studies conducted during different allergy seasons in the US. Journal of asthma and allergy 2016; 9: 135-43.
Meltzer EO, Bernstein DI, Prenner BM, Berger WE, Shekar T, Teper AA. Mometasone furoate nasal spray plus oxymetazoline nasal spray: short-term efficacy and safety in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013; 27: 102-8.
Baena-Cagnani CE, Gómez RM. Current status of therapy with omalizumab in children. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 14: 149-54.
Tsabouri S, Tseretopoulou X, Priftis K, Ntzani EE. Omalizumab for the treatment of inadequately controlled allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2014; 2: 332-40.e1.
Kuehr J, Brauburger J, Zielen S, Schauer U, Kamin W, Von Berg A, et al. Efficacy of combination treatment with anti-IgE plus specific immunotherapy in polysensitized children and adolescents with seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109: 274-80.
Casale TB, Busse WW, Kline JN, Ballas ZK, Moss MH, Townley RG, et al; Immune Tolerance Network Group. Omalizumab pretreatment decreases acute reactions after rush immunotherapy for ragweed-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117: 134-40.
Ciprandi G, Marseglia GL, Castagnoli R, Valsecchi C, Tagliacarne C, Caimmi S, et al. From IgE to clinical trials of allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11: 1321-33.
Kopp MV, Hamelmann E, Bendiks M, Zielen S, Kamin W, Bergmann KC, et al; DUAL study group. Transient impact of omalizumab in pollen allergic patients undergoing specific immunotherapy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24: 427-33.
Vashisht P, Casale T. Omalizumab for treatment of allergic rhinitis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13: 933-45.
Bekçibaşı M, Barutçu S, Çelen MK, Dayan S, Hoşoğlu S. Churg-Strauss syndrome occurring during omalizumab treatment. European Journal of Rheumatology 2015; 2: 129-30.
Platt M. Pharmacotherapy for allergic rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2014; 4: S35-40.
Ratner PH, Ehrlich PM, Fineman SM, Meltzer EO, Skoner DP. Use of intranasal cromolyn sodium for allergic rhinitis. Mayo Clin Proc 2002; 77: 350-4.
Meltzer EO; NasalCrom Study Group. Efficacy and patient satisfaction with cromolyn sodium nasal solution in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther 2002; 24: 942-52.
Long A, McFadden C, DeVine D, Chew P, Kupelnick B, Lau J. Management of Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 54 (Prepared by New England Medical Center Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-97-0019). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2002.
Lange B. Wirksamkeit, Kosten-Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit topischer intranasaler Arzneimittel zur Behandlung der allergischen Rhinitis. Systematische Review mit Metaanalysen (Teil A) und klinische Studie (Teil B). Düsseldorf: Heinrich-Heine-Universität; 2004.
Lejeune M, Lefebvre PP, Delvenne P, El-Shazly AE. Nasal sodium cromoglycate (Lomusol) modulates the early phase reaction of mild to moderate persistent allergic rhinitis in patients mono- sensitized to house dust mite: a preliminary study. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 26: 272-6.
Lange B, Lukat KF, Rettig K, Holtappels G, Bachert C. Efficacy, cost- effectiveness, and tolerability of mometasone furoate, levocabastine, and disodium cromoglycate nasal sprays in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 95: 272-82.
IG, Campbell LM, Harrison JM, Fell PJ, Ellers-Lenz B, Petzold U. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of topically administered azelastine, sodium cromoglycate and placebo in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and rhino-conjunctivitis. Curr Med Res Opin 2003; 19: 313-20.
Keleş N. Treatment of allergic rhinitis during pregnancy. Am J Rhinol 2004; 18: 23-8.
Deveci İ,Deveci HS, Güneş P. Sodyum Kromoglikatın Sağlıklı Sıçan Nazal Mukozası Üzerinde Yarattığı Histopatolojik Değişikliklerin Işık Mikroskobu ile İncelenmesi. Türk Otolarengoloji Arşivi 2013; 51: 45-48.
Corboz MR, Rivelli MA, Mingo GG, McLeod RL, Varty L, Jia Y, et al. Mechanism of decongestant activity of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 21: 449-54.
Laccourreye O, Werner A, Giroud JP, Couloigner V, Bonfils P, Bondon-Guitton B. Benefits, limits and danger of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine as nasal decongestants. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2015; 132: 31- 4.
Johnson DA, Hrick JG. The pharmacology of alpha-adrenergic decongestants. Pharmacotherapy 1993; 13: 110-5.
Yoon BW, Bae HJ, Hong KS, Lee SM, Park BJ, Yu KH, et al. Phenylpropanolamine contained in cold remedies and risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Neurology 2007; 68: 146-9.
Salerno SM, Jackson JL, Berbano EP. The impact of oral phenylpropanolamine on blood pressure: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. J Hum Hypertens 2005; 19: 643-52.
Horak F, Zieglmayer P, Zieglmayer R, Lemell P, Yao R, Staudinger H, et al. A placebo-controlled study of the nasal decongestant effect of phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine in the Vienna Challenge Chamber. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009; 102: 116-20.
Meltzer EO, Ratner PH, McGraw T. Oral phenylephrine HCl for nasal congestion in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, open-label, placebocontrolled study. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2015; 3: 702-8.
Meltzer EO, Ratner PH, McGraw T. Phenylephrine hydrochloride modified-release tablets for nasal congestion: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in allergic rhinitis patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 116: 66-71.
Salerno SM, Jackson JL, Berbano EP. Effect of oral pseudoephedrine on blood pressure and heart rate: a meta- analysis. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1686-94.
Licari A, Castagnoli R, Bottino C, Marseglia A, Marseglia G, Ciprandi G. Emerging drugs for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2016; 21: 57-67.
Mortuaire G, de Gabory L, François M, Massé G, Bloch F, Brion N, et al. Rebound congestion and rhinitis medicamentosa: nasal decongestants in clinical practice. Critical review of the literature by a medical panel. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2013; 130: 137-44.
Ridolo E, Caminati M, Martignago I, Melli V, Salvottini C, Rossi O, et al. Allergic rhinitis: pharmacotherapy in pregnancy and old age. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9: 1081-1089.
Naclerio R. Anticholinergic drugs in nonallergic rhinitis. World Allergy Organ J 2009; 2: 162-5.
Dockhorn R, Aaronson D, Bronsky E, Chervinsky P, Cohen R, Ehtessabian R,et al. Ipratropium bromide nasal spray 0.03% and beclomethasone nasal spray alone and in combination for the treatment of rhinorrhea in perennial rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999; 82: 349-59.
dMilgrom H, Biondi R, Georgitis JW, Meltzer EO, Munk ZM, Drda K, et al. Comparison of ipratropium bromide 0.03% with beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of perennial rhinitis in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999; 83: 105-11.
Kim KT, Kerwin E, Landwehr L, Bernstein JA, Bruner D, Harris D, et al; Pediatric Atrovent Nasal Spray Study Group. Use of 0.06% ipratropium bromide nasal spray in children aged 2 to 5 years with rhinorrhea due to a common cold or allergies. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 94: 73-9. [
Hanci D, Şahin E, Muluk NB, Cingi C. Immunotherapy in all aspects. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2016; 273: 1347-55.
Varez-Cuesta E, Bousquet J, Canonica GW, Durham SR, Malling HJ, Valovirta E. Standards for practical allergen- specific immunotherapy 2078. Allergy 2006; 61: 1-20.
Kucuksezer UC, Ozdemir C, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Mechanisms of immune tolerance to allergens in children. Korean J Pediatr 2013; 56: 505-13.
Passalacqua G, Canonica GW. Allergen Immunotherapy: History and Future Developments. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2016; 36: 1-12.
Çanakçioğlu S. İmmünoterapi. Türkiye Klinikleri J Allergy-Special Topics 2010; 3: 43-7.
Roberts G, Pfaar O, Akdis CA, Ansotegui IJ, Durham SR, Gerth van Wijk R, et al. EAACI Guideline on Allergen Immunotherapy: Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Allergy 2018; 73: 765-98.
Cox L, Nelson H, Lockey R, Calabria C, Chacko T, Finegold I, et al. Allergen immunotherapy: A practice parameter third update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127: S1-55.
Canonica GW, Bousquet J, Casale T, Lockey RF, Baena-Cagnani CE, Pawankar R, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy: World Allergy Organization Position Paper 2009. Allergy 2009; 64: 1-59.
Canonica GW, Cox L, Pawankar R, Baena-Cagnani CE, Blaiss M, Bonini S, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy: World Allergy Organization position paper 2013 update. World Allergy Organ J 2014; 7: 6.
Burks AW, Calderon MA, Casale T, Cox L, Demoly P, Jutel M, et al. Update on allergy immunotherapy: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology/ European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology/PRACTALL consensus report. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131: 1288-96.e3.
Wilson DR, Lima MT, Durham SR. Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: systematic review and meta- analysis. Allergy 2005; 60: 4-12.
Malling HJ, Bousquet J. Subcutaneous immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic asthma, and prevention of allergic diseases. Clin Allergy Immunol 2008; 21: 343-58.
Bousquet J, Schünemann HJ, Samolinski B, et al. World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Asthma and Rhinitis. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA): achievements in 10 years and future needs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130: 1049-62.
Durham SR, Walker SM, Varga EM, Jacobson MR, O’Brien F, Noble W, et al. Long-term clinical efficacy of grass-pollen immunotherapy. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 468-75.
Des Roches A, Paradis L, Knani J, Hejjaoui A, Dhivert H, Chanez P, et al. Immunotherapy with a standardized Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract. V. Duration of the efficacy of immunotherapy after its cessation. Allergy 1996; 51: 30-3
Ebner C, Kraft D, Ebner H. Booster immunotherapy (BIT). Allergy 1994; 49: 38-42.
Ciprandi G, Klersy C, Cirillo I, Marseglia GL. Quality of life in allergic rhinitis: relationship with clinical, immunological, and functional aspects. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37: 1528-35.
Guideline on the clinical development of products for specific immunotherapy for the treatment of allergic diseases: European Medicines Agency (EMEA). Committee for Medicinal Products of Human Use; 2008. Report No: CHMP/ EWP/18504/2006.
Canonica GW, Baena-Cagnani CE, Bousquet J, Bousquet PJ, Lockey RF, Malling HJ, et al. Recommendations for standardization of clinical trials with allergen specific immunotherapy for respiratory allergy: a statement of a World Allergy Organization (WAO) taskforce. Allergy 2007; 62: 317-24.
MarognaM, Spadolini I, Massolo A, Canonica GW, Passalacqua G. Long-lasting effects of sublingual immunotherapy according to its duration: a 15-year prospective study. J Allergy Clin Immunol (Internet) 2010; 126: 969-75.
Scadding GW, Calderon MA, Shamji MH, Eifan AO, Penagos M, Dumitru F, et al. Effect of 2 years of treatment with sublingual grasspollen immunotherapy on nasal response to allergen challenge at 3 years among patients with moderate to severe seasonal allergic rhinitis. Jama (Internet) 2017; 317: 615.
Stelmach I, Sobocinska A, Majak P, Smejda K, Jerzynska J, Stelmach W. Comparison of the long-term efficacy of 3- and 5-year house dust mite allergen immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 109: 274-8.
Gupta K, Kumar S, Das M, et al. Peptide based immunotherapy: a pivotal tool for allergy treatment. Intl Immunopharmacol 2014; 19: 391-8.
Couroux P, Patel D, Armstrong K, Larché M, Hafner RP, et al. Fel d 1-derived synthetic peptide immuno-regulatory epitopes show a long-term treatment effect in cat allergic subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45: 974-81.
Valenta R, Niespondziana K, Focke-Tejkl M, Marth K, Huber H, Neubauer A, et al. Recombinant allergens: what does the future hold? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127: 860-4.
Scheiblhofer S, Thaalhamer J, Weiss R. Novel vaccines for type I allergy. Molec Vacc 2014; 2: 490-9.
Reisacher W, Liotta D, Yazdi S, Putnam D. Desensitizing mice to ovalbumin through subcutaneous microsphere immunotherapy (SMITH). Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2011; 1: 390-5.
Scholl I, Weissenbock A, Forster-Waldl E, Untersmayr E, Walter F, Willheim M, et al. Allergen-loaded biodegradable poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles down-regulate an ongoing Th2 esponse in the BALB/c mouse model. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34: 315-21.
Roxbury CR, Lin SY. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous and Sublingual Immunotherapy for Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis and Asthma. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 2017; 50: 1111-9.
Nelson HS. Injection Immunotherapy for Inhalant Allergens. Middleton’s Allergy. 8th ed. 2014. p.1416-37.
Özdemir Ö, Elmas B. Allerjik Rinit Tanı ve Tedavisindeki Yenilikler. Astım Allerji İmmünoloji Dergisi 2017; 15: 1-16.
Onbaşı K. Sublingual İmmünoterapi. A Ünitesi. 2017; 2: 8-17.
Cekic S, Sapan N. Alerjen Spesifik İmmünoterapi. Güncel Pediatri 2015; 13: 46-55.
Göksel Ö. Alerjen spesifik immünoterapi: uzun dönem etkinlik sonuçlarımız. A.Ü Tıp Fakültesi Göğüs Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Allerji Bilim Dalı, Yan Dal Uzmanlık Tezi. 2008.
Mısırlıgil Z, Sin BA, İkincioğulları A, Güloğlu D, Özdemir K S. Polene duyarlı allerjik rinitli hastalarda mevsim öncesi allergoid immünoterapinin klinik ve immünolojik etkileri: spesifik Ig E ve Ig G4’ün Klinik Etkinlikteki Rolü, Ankara Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi Kesin Raporu. 2012.
Dursun AB, Sin BA, Öner F, Mısırlıgil Z. The safety of allergen immunotherapy (IT) in Turkey. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2006; 16: 123-128.
Pasaoglu G, Sin BA, Misirligil Z. Rush Hymenoptera Venom Immunotherapy is Efficacious and Safe. J Investing Allergol Clin Immunol 2006; 16: 232-8
Keleş N, Ilıcalı C. Ö, Değer K. İmmünoterapinin allerjik rinit üzerindeki etkinliği: klinik değerlendirme ve rinomanometrik ölçüm. K.B.B.ve Baş Boyun Cerrahisi Dergisi 1997; 5 : 141-4.
Polosa R, Gotti Li F, Mangano G, Paolıno G, Mastruzzo C, Vancherıc C ve ark. Allerjik rinitte, astım gelisimi, bronsiyal asırı duyarlılık ve balgam eozinofilisi üzerine immünoterapinin etkisi. Türkiye Klinikleri J Allergy-Asthma 2004; 6: 117-22.
Cox L, Linnemann DL, Lockey RF, Passalacqua G. Speaking the same language: The World Allergy Organization Subcutaneous Immunotherapy Systemic Reaction Grading System World Allergy Organization Subcutaneous Immunotherapy Systemic Reaction Grading System. J Allergy Clin. Immunol 2010; 125: 569-74.
Song Y, Long J, Wang T, Xie J, Wang M, Tan G. Long-term efficacy of standardised specific subcutaneous immunotherapy in children with persistent allergic rhinitis due to multiple allergens including house dust mites. J Laryngol Otol 2018; 132: 230-5.
Jutel M, Agache I, Bonini S, Burks AW, Calderon M, Canonica W, et al. International consensus on allergy immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136: 556-68.
Dursun AB, Sin BA, Öner F, Mısırlıgil Z. The Safety of Allergen Immunotherapy (IT) in Turkey. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2006; 16: 123-8.
Yonekura S, Okamoto Y, Sakurai D, Okubo K, Gotoh M, Kaneko S, et al. An analysis of factors related to the effect of sublingual immunotherapy on Japanese cedar pollen induced allergic rhinitis. Allergol Int 2018;67: 201-8.
Incorvaia C, Di Rienzo A, Celani C, Makrì E, Frati F. Treating allergic rhinitis by sublingual immunotherapy: a review. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2012; 48: 172-6.
Vadlamudi A, Shaker M. New developments in allergen immunotherapy. Curr Opin Pediatr 2015; 27: 649-55.
Lin SY.Sublingual immunotherapy: currentconcepts for the U.S. practitioner. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2014; 4: S55-9.
Passalacqua G, Compalati E, Canonica GW. Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: an update. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 19: 43-7.
Passalacqua G, Canonica GW. Allergen Immunotherapy: History and Future Developments. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2016; 36: 1-12.
Calderón MA, Simons FE, Malling HJ, Lockey RF, Moingeon P, Demoly P. Sublingual allergen immunotherapy: mode of action and its relationship with the safety profile. Allergy 2012; 67: 302-11.
Demoly P, Calderon MA. Dosing and efficacy in specific immunotherapy. Allergy 2011; 66: 38-40.
Demoly P, Passalacqua G, Calderon MA, Yalaoui T. Choosing the optimaldose in sublingual immunotherapy: Rationale for the 300 index of reactivity dose. Clin Transl Allergy 2015; 5: 44.
Gunel C, Basak HS. Sublingual immunotherapy in treatment of allergic rhinitis. Turkish J Rhinology 2014; 3: 9.
Moingeon P, Batard T, Fadel R, Frati F, Sieber J, Van Overtvelt L. Immunemechanisms of allergen-specificsublingual immunotherapy. Allergy 2006; 61: 151-65.
Allam JP, Peng WM, Appel T, Wenghoefer M, Niederhagen B, Bieber T, et al. Toll-like receptor 4ligationenforcestolerogenicproperties of oral mucosalLangerhans cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121: 368-74.
Özdemir C, Bahçeciler N, Barlan İ. Sublingual İmmünoterapi. Güncel Pediatri 2006; 4: 137-9.
Allam JP, Niederhagen B, Bücheler M, Appel T, Betten H, Bieber T, et al. Comparative analysis of nasal and oral mucosa dendritic cells. Allergy 2006; 61: 166-72.
Meiler F, Zumkehr J, Klunker S, Rückert B, Akdis CA, Akdis M. In vivo switch to IL-10-secreting T regulatory cells in high dose allergen exposure. J Exp Med 2008; 205: 2887-98.
Jutel M, Akdis M, Budak F, Aebischer-Casaulta C, Wrzyszcz M, Blaser K, et al. IL-10 and TGF-beta cooperate in the regulatory T cell response to mucosal allergens in normal immunity and specific immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33: 1205-14.
Zuberier T, Bachert C, Bousquet PJ, Passalacqua G, Walter Canonica G, Merk H, et al. GA2LEN/EAACI pocket guide for allergen-specific immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis and asthma. Allergy 2010; 65: 1525-30.
Milani M. Allergen-specificimmunotherapy for allergicrhinitis in the elderly: is it nevertoolate? Immunotherapy 2013; 5: 699-702.
Cingi C, Birdane L. Apractical approach to sublingual immunotherapy. Current manegment in otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery 2007; 3: 62-64.
Bousquet PJ, Demoly P, Passalacqua G, Canonica GW, Bousquet J. Immunotherapy: clinical trials-optimal trial and clinical outcomes. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 7: 561-6.
Eifan AO, Keles S, Bahceciler NN, Barlan IB. Anaphylaxis to multiple pollen allergen sublingual immunotherapy. Allergy 2007; 62: 56-78.
Didier A, Campo P, Moreno F, Durand-Perdriel F, Marin A, Chartier A. Dose-DependentImmunologicalResponsesaf ter a 6-MonthCourse of SublingualHouseDustMiteImmunotherapy in Patients with AllergicRhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2015; 168: 182-92.
Antico A, Pagani M, Crema A. Anaphylaxis by latex sublingual immunotherapy. Allergy 2006; 61: 1236-7.
Blazowski L. Anaphylactic shock because of sublingual immunotherapy overdose during third year of maintenance dose. Allergy 2008; 63: 374.
Dunsky EH, Goldstein MF, Dvorin DJ, Belecanech GA. Anaphylaxis to sublingual immunotherapy. Allergy 2006; 61: 1235.
Mosbech H, Canonica GW, Becker V, de Blay F, Klimek L, Broge L, et al. SQ house dust mite sublingually administered immunotherapy tablet (ALK) improves allergic rhinitis in patients with house dust mite allergic asthma and rhinitis symptoms. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 114: 134-40.
Li JT, Bernstein DI, Calderon MA, Casale TB, Cox L, Passalacqua G, et al. Sublingual grass and rag- weed immunotherapy: clinical considerations - a PRACTALL con- sensus report. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137: 369-76.
Durham SR, Emminger W, Kapp A, de Monchy JG, Rak S, Scadding GK, et al. SQ-standardized sublingual grass immunotherapy: confirmation of disease modification 2 years after 3 years of treatment in a randomized trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129: 717-25.
Dahl R, Roberts G, de Blic J, Canonica GW, Kleine-Tebbe J, Nolte H, et al. SQ grass sublingual allergy immunotherapy tablet for disease-modifying treatment of grass pollen allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2016; 37: 92-104.
Nelson HS. Oral/sublingual Phleum pretense grass tablet (Grazax/ Grastek) to treat allergic rhinitis in the USA. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10: 1437-51.
Cox LS, Linneman DL, Nolte H, Weldon D, Finegold I, Nelson HS. Sublingual immunotherapy: a comprehensive review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117: 1021-35.
Antico A, Fante R. Esophageal hypereosinophilia induced by grass sublingual immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133: 1482-84.
Creticos PS, Esch RE, Couroux P, Gentile D, D’Angelo P, Whitlow B, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial of standardized ragweed sublingual-liquid immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133: 751-58.
Reid MJ, Lockey RF, Turkeltaub PC, Platts-Mills TA. Survey of fatalities from skin testing and immunotherapy 1985- 1989.J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92: 6-15.
Bousquet J, Demoly P, Michel FB. Specific immunotherapy in rhinitis and asthma.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001; 87: 38-42.
Reisacher W, Rudner S, Kotik V. Oral mucosal immunotherapy using a toothpaste delivery system for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Int J Pharm Compd 2014; 18: 287-90.
Calderon MA, Alves B, Jacobson M, Hurwitz B, Sheikh A, Durham S. Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 2007: CD001936.
Didier A, Worm M, Horak F, Sussman G, de Beaumont O, Le Gall M, Melac M, Malling HJ. Sustained 3-year efficacy of pre- and coseasonal 5-grass-pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablets in patients with grass pollen-induced rhinoconjunctivitis J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128: 559-66.
Ant K, Pearce N, Anderson HR, Ellwood P, Montefort S, Shah J. Global map of the prevalence of symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis in children: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood ISAAC Phase Three. Allergy 2009; 64: 123-48.
Hill DA, Grundmeier RW, Ram G, Spergel JM The epidemiologic characteristics of healthcare provider-diagnosed eczema, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy in children: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16: 133.
Belgrave DC, Granell R, Simpson A, Guiver J, Bishop C, Buchan I, Henderson AJ, Custovic A. Developmental profiles of eczema, wheeze, and rhinitis: two population-based birth cohort studies. PLoS Med 2014; 11: e1001748.
Westman M, Stjärne P, Asarnoj A, Kull I, van Hage M, Wickman M, et al. Natural course and comorbidities of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129: 403-8.
Matheson MC, Dharmage SC, Abramson MJ, Walters EH, Sunyer J, de Marco R, et al. Early-life risk factors and incidence of rhinitis: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Study--an international population-based cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128: 816-23.
Beckhaus AA, Garcia-Marcos L, Forno E, Pacheco-Gonzalez RM, Celedon JC, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and risk of asthma, wheeze, and atopic diseases during childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy 2015; 70: 1588-604.
Zhang G-Q, Liu B, Li J, Luo CQ, Zhang Q, Chen JL, Sinha A, Li ZY Fish intake during pregnancy or infancy and allergic outcomes in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28: 152-61.
Kim YH, Kim KW, Kim MJ, Sol IS, Yoon SH, Ahn HS, Kim HJ, Sohn MH, Kim K-E. Vitamin D levels in allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016: 27: 580-90.
Ahmadizar F, Vijverberg SJH, Arets HGM, de Boer A, Lang JE, Garssen J, et al. Early-life antibiotic exposure increases the risk of developing allergic symptoms later in life: A meta-analysis. Allergy 2018; 73: 971-86.
Vázquez-Nava F, Quezada-Castillo JA, Oviedo-Treviño S, Saldivar-González AH, Sánchez-Nuncio HR, Beltrán- Guzmán FJ, et al. Association between allergic rhinitis, bottle feeding, non-nutritive sucking habits, and malocclusion in the primary dentition. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91: 836-40.
Bachert C, Vignola AM, Gevaert P, Leynaert B, Van Cauwenberge P, Bousquet J.Allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and asthma: one airway disease. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2004; 24: 19-43.
Bertelsen RJ, Carlsen KC, Carlsen KH. Rhinitis in children: co-morbidities and phenotypes Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21: 612-22.
Roberts G, Xatzipsalti M, Borrego LM, Custovic A, Halken S, Hellings PW, et al. Paediatric rhinitis: position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 2013; 68: 1102-16.
Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Mullol J, Bachert C, Alobid I, Baroody F et.al. EPOS 2012: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. Rhinology 2012; 50: 1-12.
Tharpe AC, Kemp SF. Pediatric allergic rhinitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2015; 35: 185-98.
Brawley A, Silverman B, Kearney S, Guanzon D, Owens M, Bennett H, Schneider A. Allergic rhinitis in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 92: 663-7.
Marshall PS, O’Hara C, Steinberg P. Effects of seasonal allergic rhinitis on fatigue levels and mood. Psychosom Med 2002; 64: 684-91.
Walker S, Khan-Wasti S, Fletcher M, Cullinan P, Harris J, Sheikh A. Seasonal allergic rhinitis is associated with a detrimental effect on examination performance in United Kingdom teenagers: case-control study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120: 381-7.
Vuurman EF, van Veggel LM, Uiterwijk MM, Leutner D, O’Hanlon JF. Seasonal allergic rhinitis and antihistamine effects on children’s learning. Ann Allergy 1993; 71: 121-6.
Jáuregui I, Mullol J, Dávila I, Ferrer M, Bartra J, del Cuvillo A, Montoro J, Sastre J, Valero A. Allergic rhinitis and school performance. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2009; 19: 32-9.
Schans JV, Çiçek R, de Vries TW, Hak E, Hoekstra PJ. Association of atopic diseases and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74: 139-48.
Trikojat K, Buske-Kirschbaum A, Schmitt J, Plessow F. Altered performance in attention tasks in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: seasonal dependency and association with disease characteristics. Psychol Med 2015; 45: 1289-99.
Melamed I, Heffron M. Attention Deficit Disorder and Allergic Rhinitis: Are They Related? J Immunol Res. 2016; 2016: 1596828.
Cheng H, Deighton J, Wolpert M, Chapman BP, Kornilaki EN, Treglown L, Furnham A. Hay fever in childhood, traits Neuroticism and Conscientiousness as independent predictors of the occurrence of hay fever in adulthood. J Health Psychol 2016; 21: 2367-75.
Miyazaki C, Koyama M, Ota E, Swa T, Mlunde LB, Amiya RM, et al. Allergic diseases in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17: 120.
Arroyave WD, Rabito FA, Carlson JC, Friedman EE, Stinebaugh SJ. Impermeable dust mite covers in the primary and tertiary prevention of allergic disease: a meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 112: 237-48.
Bielory L Ocular symptom reduction in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis treated with the intranasal corticosteroid mometasone furoate. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 100: 272-9.
Mansfield LE, Diaz G, Posey CR, Flores-Neder J Sleep disordered breathing and daytime quality of life in children with allergic rhinitis during treatment with intranasal budesonide. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 92: 240- 4.
Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C, Passalacqua G, Bousquet J, Canonica GW, Durham SR, Consensus statement on the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2000; 55: 116-34.
Schenkel EJ, Skoner DP, Bronsky EA, Miller SD, Pearlman DS, Rooklin A et.al. Absence of growth retardation in children with perennial allergic rhinitis after one year of treatment with mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray. Pediatrics 2000; 105: E22.
Galant SP, Melamed IR, Nayak AS, Blake KV, Prillaman BA, Reed KD, Lack of effect of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in 2- and 3-year-old patients. Pediatrics 2003; 112: 96-100.
Skoner DP, Gentile D, Angelini B , Kane R, Birdsall D, Banerji D The effects of intranasal triamcinolone acetonide and intranasal fluticasone propionate on short-term bone growth and HPA axis in children with allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 90: 56-62.
Church MK, Maurer M, Simons FER, Bindslev-Jensen C, Van Cauwenberge P, Bousquet J et al. Risk of first- generation H1-antihistamines: a GA2LEN position paper. Allergy 2010; 65: 459-66.
Ng KH, Chong D, Wong CK, Ong HT, Lee CY, Lee BW et al. Central nervous system side effects of first- and second-generation antihistamines in school children with perennial allergic rhinitis: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled comparative study. Pediatrics 2004; 113: e116-e121
Gupta SK, Kantesaria B, Banfield C, Wang Z. Desloratadine dose selection in children aged 6 months to 2 years: comparison of population pharmacokinetics between children and adults. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 64: 174- 84.
Hampel FC, Kittner B, van Bavel JH. Safety and tolerability of fexofenadine hydrochloride, 15 and 30 mg, twice daily in children aged 6 months to 2 years with allergic rhinitis Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 99: 549-54.
Grossman J, Halverson PC, Meltzer EO, Shoenwetter WF, van Bavel JH, Woehler TR Double-blind assessment of azelastine in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy 1994; 73: 141-6.
Conde Hernández DJ, Palma Aqilar JL, Delgado Romero J. Comparison of azelastine nasal spray and oral ebastine in treating seasonal allergic rhinitis. Curr Med Res Opin 1995; 13: 299-304.
Berlin JM, Golden SJ, Teets S, Lehman EB, Lucas T, Craig TJ. Efficacy of a steroid nasal spray compared with an antihistamine nasal spray in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2000; 100: S8-13.
Li AM, Abdullah VJ, Tsen CS, Au CT, Lam HS, So HK Leukotriene receptor antagonist in the treatment of childhood allergic rhinitis--a randomized placebo-controlled study. Pediatr Pulmonol 2009; 44: 1085-92.
Razi C, Bakirtas A, Harmanci K, Turktas I, Erbas D. Effect of montelukast on symptoms and exhaled nitric oxide levels in 7- to 14-year-old children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 97: 767- 74.
Philip G, Hustad CM, Malice MP, Noonan G, Ezekowitz A, Reiss TF et. al. Analysis of behavior-related adverse experiences in clinical trials of montelukast. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124: 699-706.e8.
Law SWY, Wong AYS, Anand S, Wong ICK, Chan EW. Neuropsychiatric Events Associated with Leukotriene- Modifying Agents: A Systematic Review. Drug Saf 2018; 41: 253-265.
Satdhabudha A, Poachanukoon O Efficacy of buffered hypertonic saline nasal irrigation in children with symptomatic allergic rhinitis: a randomized double-blind study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 76: 583-8.
Garavello W, Romagnoli M, Sordo L, Gaini RM, Di Berardino C, Angrisano A. Hypersaline nasal irrigation in children with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2003; 14: 140-3.
Chen JR, Jin L, Li XY The effectiveness of nasal saline irrigation (seawater) in treatment of allergic rhinitis in children..Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78: 1115-8.
Hermelingmeier KE, Weber RK, Hellmich M, Heubach CP, Mösges R. Nasal irrigation as an adjunctive treatment in allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2012; 26: e119-25.
Kamin W, Kopp MV, Erdnuess F, Schauer U, Zielen S, Wahn U. Safety of anti-IgE treatment with omalizumab in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis undergoing specific immunotherapy simultaneously.Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21: e160-5.
Rienzo VD, Minelli M, Musarra A, Sambugaro R, Pecora S, Canonica WG, Passalacqua G. Post-marketing survey on the safety of sublingual immunotherapy in children below the age of 5 years. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35: 560-4.
Canonica GW, Cox L, Pawankar R, Baena-Cagnani CE, Blaiss M, Bonini S, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy: World Allergy Organization position paper 2013 update. World Allergy Organ J 2014; 7: 6.
Kristiansen M, Dhami S, Netuveli G, Halken S, Muraro A, Roberts G, Larenas-Linnemann D, et.al. Allergen immunotherapy for the prevention of allergy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017: 28: 18-29.
Larenas-Linnemann D, Blaiss M, Van Bever HP, Compalati E, Baena-Cagnani CE. Pediatric sublingual immunotherapy efficacy: evidence analysis, 2009-2012 Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 110: 402-415.e9.
Feng B, Wu J, Chen B, Xiang H, Chen R, Li B, et al. Efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis in pediatric patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2017; 31: 27-35.
Khinchi M. S, Poulsen L. K, Carat F, André C, Hansen A. B, Malling H, et.al. Clinical efficacy of sublingual and subcutaneous birch pollen allergen-specific immunotherapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, double-dummy study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012 ; 8: 1544-7.
Durham SR, Penagos M.Sublingual or subcutaneous immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137: 339-349.
Bohai Feng, Jueting Wu, Bobei Chen, Haijie Xiang, Ruru Chen, Bangliang Li, et.al. Efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis in pediatric patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Am J Rhinol Allergy 2017; 31: 27-35.
Bousquet J, Agache I, Aliberti MR, Angles R, Annesi-Maesano I, Anto JM et al. Transfer of innovation on allergic rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity in the elderly (MACVIA-ARIA) - EIP on AHA Twinning Reference Site (GARD research demonstration project). Allergy 2018; 73: 77-92.
Calderon MA, Demoly P, Casale T, Akdis CA, Bachert C, Bewick M et al. Allergy immunotherapy across the life cycle to promote active and healthy ageing: from research to policies: An AIRWAYS Integrated Care Pathways (ICPs) programme item (Action Plan B3 of the European Innovation Partnership on active and healthy ageing) and the Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD), a World Health Organization GARD research demonstration project. Clin Transl Allergy 2016; 6: 41.
Ventura MT, Scichilone N, Gelardi M, Patella V, Ridolo E. Management of allergic disease in the elderly: key considerations, recommendations and emerging therapies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11: 1219-28.
Pinto JM, Jeswani S. Rhinitis in the geriatric population. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2010; 6: 10.
Ventura MT, Scichilone N, Paganelli R, Minciullo PL, Patella V, Bonini M et al. Allergic diseases in the elderly: biological characteristics and main immunological and non-immunological mechanisms. Clin Mol Allergy 2017; 15: 2.
Moro-García MA, Alonso-Arias R, López-Larrea C. Molecular mechanisms involved in the aging of the T-cell immune response. Curr Genomics 2012; 13: 589-602.
Ventura MT, Gelardi M, D’Amato A, Buquicchio R, Tummolo R, Misciagna G et al. Clinical and cytologic characteristics of allergic rhinitis in elderly patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 108: 141-4.
Bozek A, Ignasiak B, Kasperska-Zajac A, Scierski W, Grzanka A, Jarzab J. Local allergic rhinitis in elderly patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 114: 199-202.
Lombardi C, Raffetti E, Caminati M, Liccardi G, Passalacqua G, Reccardini F et al. Phenotyping asthma in the elderly: allergic sensitization profile and upper airways comorbidity in patients older than 65 years. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 116: 206-11.
Bozek A, Jarzab J. Epidemiology of IgE-dependent allergic diseases in elderly patients in Poland.Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013; 27: e140-5.
Milgrom H, Huang H. Allergic disorders at a venerable age: a mini-review. Gerontology 2014; 60: 99-107.
Nyenhuis SM, Mathur SK. Rhinitis in older adults.Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 13: 171-7.
Bozek A. Pharmacological Management of Allergic Rhinitis in the Elderly. Drugs Aging 2017; 34: 21-28.
Karabulut H, Baysal S, Acar B, Babademez MA, Karasen RM. Allergic rhinitis (AR) in geriatric patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2011; 53: 270-3.
Baptist AP, Nyenhuis S. Rhinitis in the Elderly.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2016; 36: 343-57.
Simola M, Holopainene E, Malmberg H. Changes in skin and nasal sensitivity to allergens and the course of rhinitis; a long-term follow-up study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999; 82: 152-6.
Leurs R, Church MK, Taglialatela M. H1-antihistamines: inverse agonism, anti-inflammatory actions and cardiac effects. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32: 489-98.
Hansen J, Klimek L, Hörmann K. Pharmacological management of allergic rhinitis in the elderly: safety issues with oral antihistamines. Drugs Aging 2005; 22: 289-96.
Affrime M, Gupta S, Banfield C, Cohen A. A pharmacokinetic profile of desloratadine in healthy adults, including elderly. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002; 41: 13-9.
Kaliner MA. H1-antihistamines in the elderly. Clin Allergy Immunol 2002; 17: 465-81.
Jáuregui I, García-Lirio E, Soriano AM, Gamboa PM, Antépara I. An overview of the novel H1-antihistamine bilastine in allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2012; 8: 33-41.
Estelle F, Simons R. H1-receptor antagonists: safety issues. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999; 83: 481-8.
Luo X, Ma R, Wu X, Xian D, Li J, Mou Z, et al. Azelastine enhances the clinical efficacy of glucocorticoid by modulating MKP-1 expression in allergic rhinitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 272: 1165-73.
Sahin Yilmaz AA, Corey JP. Rhinitis in the elderly. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2006; 6: 125-31.
Slavin RG. Special considerations in treatment of allergic rhinitis in the elderly: role of intranasal corticosteroids. Allergy Asthma Proc 2010; 31: 179-84.
Slavin RG. Treating rhinitis in the older population: special considerations. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2009; 5: 9.
Graf P, Juto JE. Decongestion effect and rebound swelling of the nasal mucosa during 4-week use of oxymetazoline. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1994; 56: 157-60.
Nayak A, Langdon RB. Montelukast in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: an evidence-based review. Drugs 2007; 67: 887-901.
Virchow JC, Bachert C. Efficacy and safety of montelukast in adults with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Respir Med 2006; 100: 1952-9.
Ciftci Z, Catli T, Hanci D, Cingi C, Erdogan G. Rhinorrhoea in the elderly. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 272: 2587-92.
Bozek A, Kolodziejczyk K, Warkocka-Szoltysek B, Jarzab J.Grass pollen sublingual immunotherapy: a double- blind, placebo-controlled study in elderly patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.Am J Rhinol Allergy 2014; 28: 423-7.
Bozek A, Kolodziejczyk K, Krajewska-Wojtys A, Jarzab J. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 116: 156-61.
Bożek A, Kołodziejczyk K, Kozłowska R, Canonica GW. Evidence of the efficacy and safety of house dust mite subcutaneous immunotherapy in elderly allergic rhinitis patients: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Clin Transl Allergy 2017; 7: 43.
Pitsios C, Demoly P, Bilò MB, Gerth van Wijk R, Pfaar O, Sturm GJ, et al. Clinical contraindications to allergen immunotherapy: an EAACI position paper. Allergy 2015; 70: 897-909.
Gonzalez-Estrada A, Geraci SA. Allergy Medications During Pregnancy. Am J Med Sci 2016; 352: 326-31.
Sato K. Treatment of allergic rhinitis during pregnancy. Clin Exp Allergy Rev, 2012 12: 31-36.
Schatz M, Zeiger RS. Diagnosis and management of rhinitis during pregnancy. Allergy Proc 1988; 9: 545-54.
Pali-Schöll I, Namazy J, Jensen-Jarolim E. Allergic diseases and asthma in pregnancy, a secondary publication. The World Allergy Organization Journal 2017; 10: 10.
Ellegård EK. Clinical and pathogenetic characteristics of pregnancy rhinitis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2004; 26: 149-59.
Ellegård EK. Pregnancy rhinitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2006; 26: 119-35.
Namazy JA, Schatz M. Diagnosing rhinitis during pregnancy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2014; 14: 458.
Schatz M, Zeiger RS. Asthma and allergy in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol 1997; 24: 407-32.
Oykhman P, Kim HL, Ellis AK. Allergen immunotherapy in pregnancy. Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and. Clin Immunol 2015; 11: 31.
Demoly P, Piette V, Daures JP. Treatment of allergic rhinitis during pregnancy. Drugs 2003; 63: 1813-20.
Incaudo GA. Diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis and sinusitis during pregnancy and lactation. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2004; 27: 159-77.
Odedra KM. Treatment of rhinitis in pregnancy. Nurs Stand. 2014 Oct 28;29(8):37-41. doi: 10.7748/ns.29.8.37.e9089. 794. Namazy J, Schatz M. The Treatment of Allergic Respiratory Disease During Pregnancy. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2016; 26: 1-7.
Namazy JA, Schatz M. Diagnosing rhinitis during pregnancy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2014;14: 458.
Ellegård EK, Hellgren M, Karlsson NG. Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray in pregnancy rhinitis. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2001; 26: 394-400.
Källén BAJ, Otterblad Olausson P. Maternal drug use in early pregnancy and infant cardiovascular defect. Reprod Toxicol 2003; 17: 255-261.
Bérard A, Sheehy O, Kurzinger M-L, Juhaeri J. Intranasal triamcinolone use during pregnancy and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138: 97-104.e7
NAEPP expert panel report. Managing asthma during pregnancy: recommendations for pharmacologic treatment-2004 update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 34-46.
Rodriguez-Pinilla E, Martinez-Frias ML. Corticosteroids during pregnancy and oral clefts: a case control study. Teratology 1998; 58: 2-5.
Yawn B, Knudtson M. Treating Asthma and Comorbid Allergic Rhinitis in Pregnancy. J Am Board Fam Med 2007; 20: 289-98.
Bandoli G, Palmsten K, Forbess Smith CJ, Chambers CD. A Review of Systemic Corticosteroid Use in Pregnancy and the Risk of Select Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2017; 43: 489-502.
Incaudo GA, Takach P. The diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis during pregnancy and lactation. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2006; 26: 137-54.
Etwel F, Faught LH, Rieder MJ, Koren G. The Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcome After First Trimester Exposure to H1 Antihistamines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Drug Saf 2017; 40: 121-32.
Gilbert C, Mazzotta P, Loebstein R, Koren G. Fetal safety of drugs used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a critical review. Drug Saf 2005; 28: 707-19.
Einarson A, Levichek Z, Einarson TR, Koren G. The antiemetic effect of cetirizine during pregnancy. Ann Pharmacother 2000; 34: 1486-7.
Scadding GK, Durham SR, Mirakian R, Jones NS, Leech SC, Farooque S, Ryan D, et all. BSACI Guideline for the management of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38: 19-42.
Werler MM, Mitchell AA, Shapiro S. First trimester maternal medication use in relation to gastroschisis. Teratology 1992; 45: 361-7.
Torfs CP, Katz EA, Bateson TF, Lam PK, Curry CJ. Maternal medications and environmental exposures as risk factors for gastroschisis. Teratology 1996; 54: 84-92.
Werler MM, Sheehan JE, Mitchell AA. Association of vasoconstrictive exposures with risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. Epidemiology 2003; 14: 349-54.
Werler MM. Teratogen update: pseudoephedrine. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2006; 76: 445-52.
Werler MM, Sheehan JE, Mitchell AA. Maternal medication use and risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155: 26-31.
Rothman KJ, Fyler DC, Goldblatt A, Kreidberg MB. Exogenous hormones and other drug exposures of children with congenital heart disease. Am J Epidemiol 1979; 109: 433-9.
Heinonen OP, Slone D, Shapiro S. Drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system. In: Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, MA: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc.; 1977:345-356.
Källén BA, Olausson PO. Use of oral decongestants during pregnancy and delivery outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194: 480-5.
Yau WP, Mitchell AA, Lin KJ, Werler MM, Hernández-Díaz S. Use of decongestants during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178: 198-208.
Bakhireva LN, Jones KL, Schatz M, Klonoff-Cohen HS, Johnson D, Slymen DJ, et all. Safety of leukotriene receptor antagonists in pregnancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119: 618-25.
Källén B, Otterblad Olausson P. Use of anti-asthmatic drugs during pregnancy. 3. Congenital malformations in the infants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 63: 383-8.
Koren G, Sarkar M, Einarson A. Safety of using montelukast during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician 2010; 56: 881-2.
Sarkar M, Koren G, Kalra S, Ying A, Smorlesi C, De Santis M, et all. Montelukast use during pregnancy: a multicentre, prospective, comparative study of infant outcomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 65: 1259-64.
Metzger WJ, Turner E, Patterson R. The safety of immunotherapy during pregnancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1978; 61: 268-72.
Shaikh WA. A retrospective study on the safety of immunotherapy in pregnancy. Clin Exp Allergy 1993; 23: 857-60.
Shaikh WA, Shaikh SW. A prospective study on the safety of sublingual immunotherapy in pregnancy. Allergy 2012; 67: 741-3.
Glovsky MM, Ghekiere L, Rejzek E. Effect of maternal immunotherapy on immediate skin test reactivity, specific rye I IgG and IgE antibody, and total IgE of the children. Ann Allergy 1991; 67: 21-4.
Flicker S, Marth K, Kofler H, Valenta R. Placental transfer of allergen-specific IgG but not IgE from a specific immunotherapy-treated mother. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124: 1358-60.
Rowe H, Baker T, Hale TW. Maternal medication, drug use, and breastfeeding. Pediatr Clin North Am 2013; 60: 275-94.
Datta P, Rewers-Felkins K, Baker T, Hale TW. Transfer of Montelukast into Human Milk During Lactation. Breastfeed Med 2017; 12: 54-57.
Hill R.M., Tennyson L.M. The lactating allergic patient: which drugs cause concern for the infant? Immunol Allergy Prac 1984; 6: 221-7.
Ito S, Blajchman A, Stephenson M, Eliopoulos C, Koren G. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168: 1393-9.
Hilbert J, Radwanski E, Affrime MB, Perentesis G, Symchowicz S, Zampaglione N. Excretion of loratadine in human breast milk. J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 28: 234-9.
Aljazaf K, Hale TW, Ilett KF, Hartmann PE, Mitoulas LR, Kristensen JH et al. Pseudoephedrine: effects on milk production in women and estimation of infant exposure via breastmilk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 56: 18-24.
Silva D, Moreira A., Allergic Rhinitis and Sports, Allergic Rhinitis. InTech, 2012.
Katelaris CH., Carrozzi FM., Burke TV., Byth K., Patterns of allergic reactivity and disease in Olympic athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 2006; 16: 401-405.
Helbling A., Jenoure P., and Müller U., The incidence of hay fever in leading Swiss athletes. 1990, Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift 120.7: 231-236.
Silva D, Moreira A., The role of sports and exercise in allergic disease: drawbacks and benefits., Expert review of clinical immunology 2015; 11: 993-1003.
Katelaris CH, Carrozzi FM, Burke TV. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in elite athletes: optimal management for quality of life and performance. Sports Med 2003; 33: 401-6.
Katelaris CH, Carrozzi FM, Burke TV, Byth K. A springtime olympics demands special consideration for allergic athletes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106: 260-6.
Katelaris CH, Carrozzi FM, Burke TV, Byth K. Effects of intranasal budesonide on symptoms, quality of life, and performance in elite athletes with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Clin J Sport Med 2002; 12: 296-300.
Dijkstra HP., Robson-Ansley P., The prevalence and current opinion of treatment of allergic rhinitis in elite athletes. Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology 2011; 11: 103-8.
Nieman DC., Pedersen BK., Exercise and immune function. Sports Medicine 1999; 27: 73-80.
Steensberg A. et al., Strenuous exercise decreases the percentage of type 1 T cells in the circulation. Journal of applied physiology 2001; 91: 1708-12.
Smith LL., Overtraining, excessive exercise, and altered immunity. Sports Medicine 2003; 33: 347-64.
Lapucci G, Rasi G, Bonini S, Aloe L, Ambrosini B, Berlutti G, et al. Allergy and infectious diseases in athletes. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2003; 111: S142.
Nieman DC. et al., Influence of pistachios on performance and exercise-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and metabolite shifts in cyclists: A randomized, crossover trial. PloS one 2014; 9: e113725.
Mygind N. and Ronald D., Anatomy, physiology and function of the nasal cavities in health and disease. Advanced drug delivery reviews 1998; 29: 3-12.
Dallimore NS. and Eccles R., Changes in human nasal resistance associated with exercise, hyperventilation and rebreathing.Acta oto-laryngologica 1977; 84: 416-421
Fisher LH., Michael JD., and Timothy JC., Nasal obstruction, the airway, and the athlete. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology 2005; 29: 151-158.
Helenius I. And Tari H., Allergy and asthma in elite summer sport athletes. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000; 106: 444-52.
Bonini S. et al., Rhinitis and asthma in athletes: an ARIA document in collaboration with GA2LEN. Allergy 2006; 61: 681-692.
Li J. et al., Chinese response to allergy and asthma in Olympic athletes. Allergy 2008; 63: 962-8.
Koskela HO., Cold air-provoked respiratory symptoms: the mechanisms and management. International journal of circumpolar health 2007; 66: 91-100.
Alaranta A, Alaranta H, Heliövaara M, Alha P, Palmu P, Helenius I. Allergic rhinitis and pharmacological management in elite athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 707-11.
Zwick H, Popp W, Budik G, Wanke T, Rauscher H. Increased sensitization to aeroallergens in competitive swimmers. Lung 1990; 168: 111-5.
Bougault V., Turmel J. And Boulet LP., Effect of intense swimming training on rhinitis in high⁰level competitive swimmers. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 2010; 40: 1238-46.
Gelardi M, Ventura MT, Fiorella R, Fiorella ML, Russo C, Candreva T, et al. Allergic and non-allergic rhinitis in swimmers: clinical and cytological aspects. Br J Sports Med 2012; 46: 54-8.
Carbonnelle S, Francaux M, Doyle I, Dumont X, de Burbure C, Morel G, Michel O, Bernard A. Changes in serum pneumoproteins caused by short-term exposures to nitrogen trichloride in indoor chlorinated swimming pools. Biomarkers 2002; 7: 464-78.
Barroso O, Goudreault D, Carbó Banús ML, Ayotte C, Mazzoni I, Boghosian T, et al. Determination of urinary concentrations of pseudoephedrine and cathine after therapeutic administration of pseudoephedrine-containing medications to healthy subjects: implications for doping control analysis of these stimulants banned in sport. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4: 320-9.
Weiner JM, Abramson MJ, Puy RM. Intranasal corticosteroids versus oral H1 receptor antagonists in allergic rhinitis: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 1998; 317: 1624-9.
Robson-Ansley PJ, de Milander L, Collins M, Noakes TD. Acute interleukin-6 administration impairs athletic performance in healthy, trained male runners. Can J Appl Physiol 2004; 29: 411-8.
International Consensus Report on the diagnosis and management of rhinitis. International Rhinitis Management Working Group. Allergy 1994; 49: 1-34.
Villa-Nova H, Spinola-Castro AM, Garcia FE, Solé D. Prevalence of allergic diseases and/or allergic sensitisation in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2015; 43: 157-61.
Kowalczyk A, Szalecki M. Allergic diseases in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2013; 19: 100-5.
Mizrachi A, Bachar G, Yaniv E, Hadar T, Vinker S. Effect of intranasal steroids on glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels in diabetic patients. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2012; 26: 395-7. [
Akkaş İ, Toptaş O, Özan F. Ağız kuruluğu. Acta Odontol Turc 2014; 31: 54-60.
Degirmenci PB, Kirmaz C, Oz D, Bilgir F, Ozmen B, Degirmenci M, Colak H, Yılmaz H, Ozyurt B. Allergic rhinitis and its relationship with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 29: 257-61.
Hidaka Y, Amino N, Iwatani Y, Itoh E, Matsunaga M, Tamaki H.Recurrence of thyrotoxicosis after attack of allergic rhinitis in patients with Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 1667-70.
Gamzatova AA, Gadzhimirzaev GA, Abusuev SA, Gamzatova EG. Treatment of allergic rhinitis associated with hypothyroidism. Vestn Otorinolaringol 2006; 6: 34-7.
Chaudhry HS, Bhimji SS. Cushing Syndrome. Stat Pearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2017- 2017 Dec 18.
Raveendran AV. Inhalational Steroids and Iatrogenic Cushing’s Syndrome. Open Respir Med J 2014; 8: 74-84.
Siracusa A, Desrosiers M, Marabini A. Epidemiology of occupational rhinitis: prevalence, aetiology and determinants. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 1519-34.
Mazurek J M, Paul K. Henneberger Lifetime allergic rhinitis prevalence among US primary farm operators: findings from the 2011 Farm and Ranch Safety survey. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2017; 90: 507-15.
Jonaid BS, Rooyackers J, Stigter E, Portengen L, Krop E, Heederik D. Predicting occupational asthma and rhinitis in bakery workers referred for clinical evaluation. Occup Environ Med 2017; 74: 564-72.
Mazurek JM, Weissman DN. Occupational Respiratory Allergic Diseases in Healthcare Workers. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2016; 16: 77.
Hindmarch I, Shamsi Z. Antihistamines: models to assess sedative properties, assessment of sedation, safety and other side-effects. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29: 133-42.
Dobashi K, Akiyama K, Usami A, Yokozeki H, Ikezawa Z, Tsurikisawa N, et al. Japanese Guideline for occupational allergic diseases 2017. Allergol Int 2017; 66: 265-80.
Cusack BJ. Pharmacokinetics in older persons. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2004; 2: 274-302.
King MJ, Tamulis T, Lockey RF. Prick puncture skin tests and serum specific IgE as predictors of nasal challenge response to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in older adults. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 101: 12-7.
Moghadam-Kia S, Werth VP. Prevention and treatment of systemic glucocorticoid side effects. Int J Dermatol 2010; 49: 239-48.
Hernandez-Trujillo V. Antihistamines treatment for allergic rhinitis: different routes, different mechanisms? Allergy Asthma Proc 2009; 30: 584-8.
Townley RG. Antiallergic properties of the second-generation H1 antihistamines during the early and late reactions to antigen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 90: 720-5.
Carter NJ. Bilastine. Drugs 2012; 72:1257-69.
Simons FER. The antiallergic effects of antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists). J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 90: 705-15.
Jones AW. Perspectives in drug development and clinical pharmacology: the discovery of histamine H1 and H2 antagonists. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2016; 5: 5-12.
Wang XY, Lim-Jurado M, Prepageran N, Tantilipikorn P, Wang DY. Treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria: a review of the newest antihistamine drug bilastine. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2016; 12: 585-97.
Chhabra N, Houser SM. Surgery for allergic rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2014; 4: S79-83.
Millas I, Liquidato BM, Dolci JE, Fregnani JH, Macéa JR. Histological analysis of the distribution pattern of glandular tissue in normal inferior nasal turbinates. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2009 ; 75: 507-10.
Schmelzer B, Katz S, Vidts G. Long-term efficacy of our surgical approach to turbinate hypertrophy. Am J Rhinol 1999; 13: 357-61.
Mabry RL. Surgery of the inferior turbinates: how much and when? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1984; 92: 571-6.
Lippert BM, Werner JA. CO2 laser surgery of hypertrophied inferior turbinates. Rhinology 1997; 35: 33-6.
Hol MK, Huizing EH. Treatment of inferior turbinate pathology: a review and critical evaluation of the different techniques. Rhinology 2000; 38: 157-66.
K Kim YH, Kim BJ, Bang KH, Hwang Y, Jang TY. Septoplasty improves life quality related to allergy in patients with septal deviation and allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 145: 910-4.
Fettallah UC., Alt Konka Hipertrofilerinde Radyofrekans Termal Ablasyon Sonuçlarının Manyetik Rezonans Görüntülemesi İle Değerlendirilmesi, 2005, İstanbul, Uzmanlık tezi.
Hamerschmidt R, Hamerschmidt R, Moreira AT, Tenório SB, Timi JR. Comparison of turbinoplasty surgery efficacy in patients with and without allergic rhinitis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 82: 131-9.
Mabry RL. Visual loss after intranasal corticosteroid injection. Incidence, causes, and prevention. Arch Otolaryngol 1981; 107: 484-6.
Houser SM. Surgical treatment for empty nose syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 133: 858-63.
Passàli D, Lauriello M, Anselmi M, Bellussi L. Treatment of hypertrophy of the inferior turbinate: long-term results in 382 patients randomly assigned to therapy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1999; 108: 569-75.
O’Flynn PE, Milford CA, Mackay IS. Multiple submucosal out-fractures of interior turbinates. J Laryngol Otol 1990; 104: 239-40.
Lin HC, Lin PW, Su CY, Chang HW. Radiofrequency for the treatment of allergic rhinitis refractory to medical therapy. Laryngoscope 2003; 113: 673-8.
Mori S, Fujieda S, Yamada T, Kimura Y, Takahashi N, Saito H. Long-term effect of submucous turbinectomy in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Laryngoscope 2002; 112: 865-9.
Chen YL, Tan CT, Huang HM. Long-term efficacy of microdebrider-assisted inferior turbinoplasty with lateralization for hypertrophic inferior turbinates in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Laryngoscope 2008; 118: 1270-4.
El Henawi Del D, Ahmed MR, Madian YT. Comparison between power-assisted turbinoplasty and submucosal resection in the treatment of inferior turbinate hypertrophy. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2011; 73: 151-5.
Elwany S, Abel Salaam S. Laser surgery for allergic rhinitis: the effect on seromucinous glands. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 120: 742-4.
Caffier PP, Scherer H, Neumann K, Lück S, Enzmann H, Haisch A. Diode laser treatment in therapy-resistant allergic rhinitis: impact on nasal obstruction and associated symptoms. Lasers Med Sci 2011; 26: 57-67.
Lin HC, Lin PW, Friedman M, Chang HW, Su YY, Chen YJ, Pulver TM. Long-term results of radiofrequency turbinoplasty for allergic rhinitis refractory to medical therapy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 136: 892-5.
Aksoy F., Alt konka hipertrofisinde radyofrekans uygulaması, Göztepe Tıp Dergisi 2010; 25: 29-33.
Siméon R, Soufflet B, Souchal Delacour I. Coblation turbinate reduction in childhood allergic rhinitis. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2010; 127: 77-82.
Jalowayski AA, Yuh YS, Koziol JA, Davidson TM. Surgery for nasal obstruction--evaluation by rhinomanometry. Laryngoscope 1983; 93: 341-5.
Karatzanis AD, Fragiadakis G, Moshandrea J, Zenk J, Iro H, Velegrakis GA. Septoplasty outcome in patients with and without allergic rhinitis. Rhinology 2009; 47: 444-9.
Stoksted P, Gutierrez C. The nasal passage following rhinoplastic surgery. J Laryngol Otol 1983; 97: 49-54.
Pedersen Fjermedal O, Saunte C, Pedersen S. Septoplasty and/or submucous resection? 5 years nasal septum operations. J Laryngol Otol 1988; 102: 796-8.
Cervin A, Andersson M. Intranasal steroids and septum perforation--an overlooked complication? A description of the course of events and a discussion of the causes. Rhinology 1998; 36: 128-32.
Topal O, Celik SB, Erbek S, Erbek SS. Risk of nasal septal perforation following septoplasty in patients with allergic rhinitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 268: 231-3.
Marshak T, Yun WK, Hazout C, Sacks R, Harvey RJ. A systematic review of the evidence base for vidian neurectomy in managing rhinitis. J Laryngol Otol 2016; 130: S7-S28.
Golding-Wood PH. Observations on petrosal and vidian neurectomy in chronic vasomotor rhinitis. J Laryngol Otol 1961; 75: 232-47.
Lee JC, Lin YS. Endoscopic vidian neurectomy: update on techniques and evidence. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 20: 66-72.
Kamel R, Zaher S. Endoscopic transnasal vidian neurectomy. Laryngoscope 1991; 101: 316-319.
El Shazly M. Endoscopic surgery of the vidian nerve: preliminary report. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1991; 100: 536-9.
El-Guindy A. Endoscopic transseptal vidian neurectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 120: 1347-1351.
Robinson SR, Wormald PJ. Endoscopic vidian neurectomy. Am J Rhinol 2006; 20: 197-202.
Lee JC, Hsu CH, Kao CH, Lin YS. Endoscopic intrasphenoidal vidian neurectomy: how we do it. Clin Otolaryngol 2009; 34: 568-571.
Liu SC, Wang HW, Su WF. Endoscopic vidian neurectomy: the value of preoperative computed tomographic guidance. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 136: 595-602.
Jang TY, Kim YH, Shin SH. Long-term effectiveness and safety of endoscopic vidian neurectomy for the treatment of intractable rhinitis. Clin Exp Otorhinolarygol 2010; 4: 212-216.
Melzack R, Stillwell DM, Fox EJ. Trigger points and acupuncture points for pain: correlations and implications. Pain 1977; 3: 3-23.
Asher GN, Jonas DE, Coeytaux RR, Reilly AC, Loh YL, Motsinger- Reif AA, Winham SJ. Auriculotherapy for pain management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Altern Complement Med 2010; 16: 1097-108.
Molsberger A. Acupuncture in orthopedics. Orthopade 2012; 41: 100-5.
Stör W, Irnich D. Acupuncture: basics, practice, and evidence. Schmerz 2009; 23: 405-17.
Kim SK, Bae H. Acupuncture and immune modulation. Auton Neurosci 2010; 157: 38-41.
Petti F, Bangrazi A, Liguori A, Reale G, Ippoliti F. Effects of acupuncture on immune response related to opioid-like peptides. J Tradit Chin Med 1998; 18: 55-63.
Arranz L, Guayerbas N, Siboni L, Fuente M de la. Effect of acupuncture treatment on the immune function impairment found in anxious women. Am J Chin Med 2007; 35: 35-51.
Kim CK, Choi GS, Oh SD, Han JB, Kim SK, Ahn HJ, Bae H, Min BI. Electroacupuncture up-regulates natural killer cell activity: identification of genes altering their expressions in electroacupuncture induced up-regulation of natural killer cell activity. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 168: 144-53.
Lau BH, Wong DS, Slater JM. Effect of acupuncture on allergic rhinitis: clinical and laboratory evaluations. Am J Chin Med 1975; 3: 263-70.
Carneiro ER, Xavier RA, De Castro MA, Do Nascimento CM, Silveira VL. Electroacupuncture promotes a decrease in inflammatory response associated with Th1/Th2 cytokines, nitric oxide and leukotriene B4 modulation in experimental asthma. Cytokine 2010; 50: 335-40.
Jeong HJ, Kim BS, Oh JG, Kim KS, Kim HM. Regulatory effect of cytokine production in asthma patients by SOOJI CHIM (Koryo Hand Acupuncture Therapy). Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2002; 24: 265-74.
Joos, S, Schott C, Zou H, Daniel V, Martin E. Immunomodulatory effects of acupuncture in the treatment of allergic asthma. J Altern Complement 2000; 6: 519-25.
Petti FB, Liguori A, Ippoliti F. Study on cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 in patients of chronic allergic rhinitis treated with acupuncture. J Tradit Chin Med 2002; 22: 104-11.
Rao YQ, Han NY. Therapeutic effect of acupuncture on allergic rhinitis and its eff ects on immunologic function. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2006; 26: 557-60
Christensen PA, Lauren LC, Taudorf E, Sørensen SC, Weeke B. Acupuncture and bronchial asthma. Allergy 1984; 39: 379-85.
Jianli CJ. The effect of acupuncture on serum IgE level in patients with chronic urticaria. Tradit Chin Med 2006; 26: 189-90.
Brinkhaus B, Witt CM, Jena S, Liecker B, Wegscheider K, Willich SN. Acupuncture in patients with allergic rhinitis: a pragmatic randomized trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 101: 535-43.
Ng DK, Chow PY, Ming Ng DK, Chow PY, Ming SP, Hong SH, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of acupuncture for the treatment of childhood persistent allergic rhinitis. Pediatrics 2004; 114: 1242-7.
Williamson L, Yudkin P, Livingstone R, Prasad K, Fuller A, Lawrence M. Hay fever treatment in general practice: a randomised controlled trial comparing stan-dardised Western acupuncture with sham acupuncture. Acupunct Med 1996; 14: 6-10.
Pfab F, Kirchner MT, Huss-Marp J, Schuster T, Schalock PC, Fuqin J, et al. Acupuncture compared with oral antihistamine for type I hypersensitivity itch and skin response in adults with atopic dermatitis: a patient- and examiner-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Allergy 2012; 67: 566-73. d
Lee MS, Pittler MH, Shin BC, Kim JI, Ernst E. Acupuncture for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009; 102: 269-79.
Roberts J. A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of acupuncture for allergic rhinitis. BMC Complement Altern Med 2008; 8: 13.
Brinkhaus B, Ortiz M, Witt CM, Roll S, Linde K, Pfab F, et al. Acupuncture in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2013; 158: 225-34.
Kim JI, Lee MS, Jung SY, Choi JY, Lee S, Ko JM, et al. Acupuncture for persistent allergic rhinitis: a multi-centre, randomised, controlled trial protocol. Trials 2009; 10: 54.
Kim JI, Choi JY, Lee MS, Kim TH, Kim AR, Jung SY, et al. Acupuncture for improving chronic rhinosinusitis complicated with persistent allergic rhinitis. A prospective observational study. Forsch Komplementmed 2010; 17: 333-5.
Michael D. Seidman, MD, Richard K. Gurgel, MD, Sandra Y. Lin, MD et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Allergic Rhinitis Executive Summary Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 2015;152:197-206.
Sanders ME, Guarner F, Guerrant R, Holt PR, Quigley EM, Sartor RB et al. An update on the use and investigation of probiotics in health and disease. Gut 2013; 62: 787-96.
Zuccotti G, Meneghin F, Aceti A, Barone G, Callegari ML, Di Mauro A. Probiotics for prevention of atopic diseases in infants: systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2015; 70: 1356-71.
Sepp E, Julge K, Mikelsaar M, Björkstén B. Intestinal microbiota and immunoglobulin E responses in 5-year-old Estonian children. Clin Exp Allergy 2005 ; 35: 1141-6.
Björkstén B, Sepp E, Julge K, Voor T, Mikelsaar M. Allergy development and the intestinal microflora during the first year of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108: 516-20.
Penders J, Stobberingh EE, Thijs C, Adams H, Vink C, van Ree R et al. Molecular fingerprinting of the intestinal microbiota of infants in whom atopic eczema was or was not developing. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36: 1602-8.
Masuda S, Yamaguchi H, Kurokawa T, Shirakami T, Tsuji RF, Nishimura I. Immunomodulatory effect of halophilic lactic acid bacterium Tetragenococcus halophilus Th221 from soy sauce moromi grown in high-salt medium. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 121: 245-52.
Torii A, Torii S, Fujiwara S, Tanaka H, Inagaki N, Nagai H. Lactobacillus Acidophilus strain L-92 regulates the production of Th1 cytokine as well as Th2 cytokines. Allergol Int 2007; 56: 293-301.
Batchelor JM, Grindlay DJ, Williams HC. What’s new in atopic eczema? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2008 and 2009. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010; 35: 823-7.
Zajac AE, Adams AS, Turner JH. A systematic review and meta-analysis of probiotics for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2015; 5: 524-32.
Güvenç IA, Muluk NB, Mutlu FŞ, Eşki E, Altıntoprak N, Oktemer T,et al. Do probiotics have a role in the treatment of allergic rhinitis? A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2016; 30: 157-75.
Miraglia Del Giudice M, Indolfi C, Capasso M, Maiello N, Decimo F, Ciprandi G et al. Bifidobacterium mixture (B longum BB536, B infantis M-63, B breve M-16V) treatment in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis and intermittent asthma. Ital J Pediatr 2017; 43: 25.
Dennis-Wall JC, Culpepper T, Nieves C Jr, Rowe CC, Burns AM, Rusch CTü et al. Probiotics (Lactobacillus gasseri KS-13, Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1, and Bifidobacterium longum MM-2) improve rhinoconjunctivitis-specific quality of life in individuals with seasonal allergies: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105: 758-67.
Tang ML, Ponsonby AL, Orsini F, Tey D, Robinson M, Su EL, et al. Administration of a probiotic with peanut oral immunotherapy: A randomized trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135: 737-44.e8.
Jerzynska J, Stelmach W, Balcerak J, Woicka-Kolejwa K, Rychlik B, Blauz A, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and vitamin D supplementation on the immunologic effectiveness of grass-specific sublingual immunotherapy in children with allergy. Allergy Asthma Proc 2016; 37: 324-34.
Simpson MR, Dotterud CK, Storrø O, Johnsen R, Øien T. Perinatal probiotic supplementation in the prevention of allergy related disease: 6 year follow up of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Dermatol 2015; 15: 13.
Costa DJ, Marteau P, Amouyal M, Poulsen LK, Hamelmann E, Cazaubiel M, et al. Efficacy and safety of the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei LP-33 in allergic rhinitis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (GA2LEN Study). Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68: 602-7.
Lin WY, Fu LS, Lin HK, Shen CY, Chen YJ. Evaluation of the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei (HF.A00232) in children (6-13 years old) with perennial allergic rhinitis: a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Pediatr Neonatol 2014; 55: 181-8.
Ivory K, Wilson AM, Sankaran P, Westwood M, McCarville J, Brockwell C, et al. Oral delivery of a probiotic induced changes at the nasal mucosa of seasonal allergic rhinitis subjects after local allergen challenge: a randomised clinical trial. PLoS One 2013; 8: e78650.
Dölle S, Berg J, Rasche C, Worm M. Tolerability and clinical outcome of coseasonal treatment with Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 in grass pollen-allergic subjects. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 163: 29-35.
Cho HK, Jeong YM, Lee HS, Lee YJ, Hwang SH. Efficacy of endonasal phototherapy for relieving the symptoms of allergic rhinitis: Meta-analysis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 29: 283-91.
Bella Z, Kiricsi Á, Viharosné ÉD, Dallos A, Perényi Á, Kiss M et.al. Rhinophototherapy in persistent allergic rhinitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274: 1543-50.
Alyasin S, Nabavizadeh SH, Houshmand H, Esmaeilzadeh H, Jelodar S, Amin R. Short Time Efficiency of Rhinophototherapy in Management of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Resistant to Medical TherapyIran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 15: 317-27.
Tatar EÇ, Korkmaz H, Sürenoğlu UA, Saylam G, Ozdek A, Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 6: 73-7.
Weichenthal M, Schwarz T. Phototherapy: how does UV work? Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2005; 21: 260-6.
Yurttaş V, Şereflican M, Erkoçoğlu M, Terzi EH, Kükner A, Oral M. Histopathological effects of intranasal phototherapy and nasal corticosteroids in allergic rhinitis in a rabbit model. J Photochem Photobiol B 2015; 149: 289-91.
Kitamura Y, Mizuguchi H, Okamoto K, Kitayama M, Fujii T, Fujioka A et.al. Irradiation with narrowband-ultraviolet B suppresses phorbol ester-induced up-regulation of H1 receptor mRNA in HeLa cells. Acta Otolaryngol 2016; 136: 409-13.
Yıldırım YS, Apuhan T, Koçoğlu E Effects of intranasal phototherapy on nasal microbial flora in patients with allergic rhinitis. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 12: 281-6.
Demirbaş D, Aksoy E, Polat S, Serin G, Unal OF, Tanyeri H. Endonasal phototherapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg 2011;21: 198-203.
Yaz, A, Cingi C, Gürbüz M, Bal C. The long-term results of the impact of rhinophototherapy on quality of life in cases with allergic rhinitis. J Med Updates 2012; 2: 63-9.
Akdağ M, Bakır S, Agüloğlu B, Demir H, Topçu İ. Tedaviye dirençli alerjik rinitli olgularda intranazal fototerapinin erken dönem sonuçları. Turkish J Rhinology 2014; 3: 2.
Wen, W.-D., Yuan, F., Wang, J.-L., Hou, Y.-P. Botulinum toxin therapy in the ovalbumin-sensitized rat. Neuroimmunomodulation 2006; 14: 78-83.
Zhu, Z., Stone, H.F., Thach, T.Q., Garcia, L., Ruegg, C.L. A novel botulinum neurotoxin topical gel: Treatment of allergic rhinitis in rats and comparative safety profile. Am. J. Rhinol Allergy 2012 ; 26: 450-4.
Ozcan C, Ismi O .Botulinum Toxin for Rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2016;16: 58.
Zhang EZ, an S, Loh I. Botolinum toxin in rhinitis: Literature review and posterior nasal injection in allergic rhinitis. Laryngoscope 2017; 127: 2447-54.
Güneş MS, Külahlı I, Kökoğlu K, Vural A, Avcı D, Güleç S, et al. Evaluation of the effect of intranasal infiltrated botulinum toxin-A on a model of allergic rhinitis in rabbits: An Experimental Study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 83: 51-6.
